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Öğe Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes of Enterococci Isolated from Water Buffalo's Subclinical Mastitis(2022) Ürer, Ece Koldaş; Tek, Erhan; Aslantaş, Özkan; Yılmaz, Mehmet Ali; Ergün, YaşarThis study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of enterococci isolated from water buffalo’s subclinical mastitis cases. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of the isolates were determined by the disc diffusion method. Identification at the species level of enterococci, virulence [aggregation substance (asa1), gelatinase (gelE), cytolysin (cylA), enterococcal surface protein (esp), and hyaluronidase (hyl)] and resistance genes [macrolide (ermA, ermB, mefA/E) and tetracycline (tetK, tetL, tetM, tetO, and tetS)] were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Overall, Enterococcus spp. was recovered from 65 of 200 (32.5%) mastitic milk samples, comprising E. faecium (n=26), E. durans (n=22), E. faecalis (n=12), and E. hirae (n=5). Most isolates (56.9%) were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. The rest of the isolates showed various rate of resistance against rifampicin (23.1%), tetracycline (21.5%), quinupristin-dalfopristin (10.8%), ciprofloxacin (7.7%), erythromycin (6.2%), and chloramphenicol (3.1%). Out of 65 enterococci, only 16 (24.6%) were detected to have virulence genes, of which 12 were positive for gelE, seven were positive for esp, two were positive for asa1, and one was positive for hlyA. The gene cylA was not detected in any isolate tested. Resistance to tetracycline was mainly associated with tetM. Two erythromycin-resistant isolates were positive for ermB, and one was positive for mefA/E. This study was the first to report species distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, and virulence traits of enterococci isolated from subclinical mastitis of water buffaloes in Çorum Province, Türkiye.Öğe The Effect of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Administration on Fertility and Embryonic Loss in Goats during the Anoestrus Period(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2021) Köse, Ayşe Merve; Ürer, Ece Koldaş; Sarıbay, Mustafa Kemal; Doğruer, Gökhan; Karaca, Fikret; Çetin, Nurdan Çoskun; Demirezer, HaydarBackground: Following the induction of oestrus out of season in small ruminants, low fertility and variations in fertility rates are associated with embryonic losses. One of the main causes of embryonic loss is luteal dysfunction. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) supports the luteal structure, and increasing progesterone levels may be beneficial in terms of promoting embryonic life. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of GnRH administration following an oestrus induction protocol in the anoestrus season for preventing embryonic loss in goats having failure to conceive during the season. Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, 106 Damascus goats aged 3-5 years and weighing 45-60 kg were used. The oestrus of 106 goats in the anoestrous group was stimulated with progesterone and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) treatment. Out of breeding season, goats were divided into the 4 following groups: GnRH0 (n = 27), GnRH7 (n = 26), GnRH0+7 (n = 27) and control (n = 26). In each goat, an intravaginal sponge (IS) containing 20 mg of fluorogestone acetate (FGA) was placed into the vagina and left for 9 days. With the withdrawal of the sponge, 550IU PMSG and 125 ?g of d-cloprostenol were injected intramuscularly. Oestrus detection was made via teaser bucks for 3 days starting 24 h after withdrawal of the IS. Eighteen bucks known to be fertile were used for breeding. Goats in the oestrus period were mated via natural breeding. The GnRH analogue lecirelin was injected intramuscularly at breeding in the GnRH0 group, on day 7 post-breeding in the GnRH7 group, and both at breeding and on day 7 post-breeding in the GnRH0+7 group. No injections were given to the control group. Blood samples for progesterone measurement were taken by jugular vena puncturing on days 3, 6, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 19 after breeding from 10 randomly chosen goats in all groups. The goats with a level of > 3.5 ng/mL of progesterone on day 21 post-breeding were evaluated as pregnant. Pregnancy was also viewed on day 50 after breeding by real-time ultrasonography (USG) with a 5-7.5 MHz convex probe. The oestrus rate was 96.23% (102/106) in the goats. The rates of onset of oestrus between 36-48 h, 48-60 h and 60 h and beyond were 38.7% (41/106), 21.7% (23/106) and 35.8% (38/106), respectively. The total pregnancy rate was 35.8% (38/106). There were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) found for the pregnancy rate, embryonic death rate or progesterone concentration of the groups. However, serum progesterone levels were statistically different in the GnRH7 group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Discussion: After synchronisation, various anti-luteolytic strategies can be used to support corpus luteum development and elevate progesterone concentration in the luteal phase to decrease embryonic loss and increase reproductive performance. Therefore, application of GnRH to support the luteal structure and to increase progesterone levels may be beneficial in terms of supporting embryonic life. The results showed that GnRH treatment on the day 7 post-breeding following oestrus induction, including FGA and PMSG, can increase serum progesterone levels in Damascus goats in the anoestrus period. However, following oestrus induction in the anoestrus period, it was seen that GnRH treatment at breeding or on day 7 after breeding did not have any positive effect on embryonic loss or reproductive performance. In conclusion, it was considered that this protocol could be implemented successfully, yielding a 35% pregnancy rate in Damascus goats in the anoestrus period, but embryonic loss must be deeply studied in detail. © 2021 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. All rights reserved.Öğe The Effect of Selenium, Vitamin E, Vitamin A and Vitamin D3 Applications on Fertility in Awassi Sheep with Estrus Synchronization During the Breeding Season(2023) Efe, Mehmet; Sarıbay, Mustafa Kemal; Ürer, Ece Koldaş; Köse, Ayşe MerveThe purpose of this study was to determine the effects of selenium, vitamin E, vitamin A, and vitamin D3 treatments on reproductive parameters in Awassi sheep fed solely dry grass and grain stubble duringthe breeding season with estrus synchronization. Seventy-five sheep were implanted with intravaginal sponges containing 20 mg of flugestone acetate for 9 days for estrus synchronization. On the day the sponges were inserted, the first group received an intramuscular injection of a supplement containing 200,000 IU of vitamin A, 30,000 IU of vitamin D3, and 20 mg of vitamin E, as well as a supplement containing 1 mg of sodium selenite and 60 mg of vitamin E. The second group was the control group, with no supplementary vitamin injected. On the day of sponge removal, the sheep received intramuscular injections of 500 IU PM SG and 250 mcgcloprostenol sodium in both groups. The sheep in the first group were given a second injection of the supplement on the same day that contained 20 mg of vitamin E, 30,000 IU of vitamin D3, and 200,000 IU of vitamin A. The sheep that showed signs of estrus were mated naturally after the estrus synchronization. Estrus rates were 86.11% and 85.29%, conception rates were 74.19% and 58.62%, pregnancy rates were 63.88% and 50%, lambing rates were 100% and 100%, and litter size was found to be 126.08% and 123.52% in Group I and II, respectively (P=0.858). Although there was no significant difference in the reproductive characteristics between the groups (P>0.05),Group I had a greater pregnancy rate and litter size. During the breeding season, it is believed that the regular application of vitamin and mineral supplements on a program basis in sheep fed only dry pasture and grain stubble contributed tofertility.Öğe The Effects of GnRH and hCG Administration on Pregnancy Rate in Postpartum Dairy Cows(2022) Karsavuranoğlu, Emre; Sarıbay, Mustafa Kemal; Ürer, Ece KoldaşThis study was designed to determine the effects of GnRH administration alone at the time of artificial insemination (AI) or in combination with hCG 5 days after GnRH injection on conception rates in postpartum dairy cows. Cows in estrus, without any reproductive health problem, between days 70-120 postpartum were randomly assigned to 3 equal groups. Buserelin acetate (10 µg), was administered at the time of AI to Group I (n=40). Group II (n=40) was administered first with Buserelin acetate (10 ?g) at the time of AI and then with 1500 IU of hCG on the 5th day after insemination. Group III was maintained for control purposes and did not receive any treatment. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed on day 30 post-AI by transrectal ultrasonography. Conception rates were 80% (32/40), 80% (32/40), and 57.5% (23/40) in Group I, II and III (P<0.05) respectively In conclusion, it was determined that the use of GnRH alone at the time of AI or additionally the use of hCG on the 5th day after AI increased the pregnancy rates in dairy cows between 70-120 days postpartum, however, there was no difference in pregnancy rates between these two treatments.Öğe Üreme Mevsimi Girişinde Doğum Yapmış Laktasyondaki Koyunların Aynı Üreme Mevsimi İçinde Östrüs Senkronizasyonunda Kısıtlı Emzirme ve eCG Kullanımın Fertilite Üzerine Etkisi(2024) Kutlu, Metehan; Köse, Ayşe Merve; Ürer, Ece KoldaşSunulan çalışmada, üreme mevsimi içerisinde kısa süreli progestajen uygulamaları ile östrüsları senkronize edilen laktasyondaki Macar Merinos ırkı koyunlarda kısıtlı emme ve eCG’nin farklı dozlarının östrüs uyarımı ve fertilite üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlandı. Östrüs uyarımı başlangıcında koyunlar rastgele 4 gruba ayrıldı. Bu koyunlara 0. gün intravajinal 60 mg medroksiprogesteron asetat içeren sünger uygulandı, süngerler 7 gün süreyle vajinada tutuldu. Sünger uygulama süresi içerisinde, laktasyon gruplarındaki koyunlar (L) kuzuları ile günde 5 saat emmeleri için beraber kalırlarken, kısıtlama gruplarındaki koyunlar (K) kuzuları ile 2 günde bir 1 saat beraber bırakıldı. Tüm koyunlarda uygulamanın yedinci günü süngerler çıkarıldı ve sünger çıkarılması anında 250 ?g kloprostenol sodyum ile 350 IU dozda (L-350 ve K-350 gruplarına) ve 550 IU dozda (L-550 ve K-550 gruplarına) eCG uygulandı. Östrüs tespiti süngerlerin çıkartılmasından 12 saat sonra başlanarak sabah ve akşam gerçekleştirildi. Östrüste olduğu tespit edilen koyunlar elde aşım yöntemi ile çiftleştirildi. Hayvanlara aşımdan sonraki 48. günde ultrasonografik gebelik muayenesi yapıldı. Gruplarda ilk aşımda, ikici aşımda ve toplam aşımlarda, östrüs oranı, gebelik oranı, kuzulama oranı ve yavru verimi parametreleri hesaplandı. Yapılan istatistiksel analizlere göre gruplar arasında fark belirlenemedi (P>0.05). Sonuç olarak üreme mevsimi girişinde doğum yapan laktasyondaki Macar Merinos ırkı koyunların aynı üreme mevsimi içerisinde kısa süreli progestajen uygulamaları ile yeniden gebe bırakılmasında kısıtlı emme ve eCG’nin farklı dozlarının fertilite parametrelerini etkilemediği ancak östrüslerin yeniden toplulaştırılabileceği ve kuzu veriminin sayısal olarak artırılabileceği kanısına varıldı.
