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    Comparison of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Hypericum Perforatum L. Essential Oils, 0.2 % Chlorhexidine and 10 % Povidone-iodine Over Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2020) Arpag, Osman Fatih; Duran, Nizami; Acikgul, Funda Cimen; Turkmen, Musa
    Hypericum perforatum is a useful plant because of its biological features, such as bactericidal, virucidal, and fungicidal effects. Elimination of periodontal pathogens, including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, from the oral environment, is important for the stability of periodontal health. Therefore, we aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of the Hypericum perforatum L. essential oils over these pathogens using cell cultures. The standard and clinical bacterial strains were used in this study. The essential oils extracted from Hypericum perforatum L. flowers were analyzed with gaschromatography/mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oils along with 0.2 % chlorhexidine, 10 % povidone-iodine, and combinations of essential oils and 0.2 % chlorhexidine, and essential oils and 10 % povidone-iodine were evaluated by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentrations. Essential oils' minimum inhibitory concentration value for clinical A. actinomycetemcomitans strains was significantly lower than that of the povidone-iodine solution (P). However, despite the low minimum inhibitory concentration value of essential oils, when compared to 0.2 % chlorhexidine, there was no statistically significant difference between the agents (P=0.113). For clinical strains of Porphyromonas gingivalis, the essential oils showed a lower minimum inhibitory concentration value compared to chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine. The essential oils combined with chlorhexidine or povidone-iodine showed significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentration value for both strains of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (P). With the lower minimum inhibitory concentration values, the essential oils showed strong antimicrobial activity. Moreover, when combined with chlorhexidine or the povidone-iodine, the antimicrobial effect of essential oils on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis strains increased synergistically.
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    The therapeutic potential and molecular mechanism of Alpha-pinene, Gamma-terpinene, and P-cymene against melanoma cells
    (Cell Press, 2024) Acikgul, Funda Cimen; Duran, Nizami; Kutlu, Tuncer; Ay, Emrah; Tek, Erhan; Bayraktar, Suphi
    The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential anticarcinogenic effects of three phytochemicals, namely Alpha-pinene (AP), Gamma-terpinene (GT), and P-cymene (PC), on melanoma cells (A2058 cell line). Additionally, the study aims to explore the synergistic activities of these phytochemicals with Dacarbazine, a chemotherapy drug. To understand the molecular mechanism involved in apoptosis induction in the A-2058 cell line, it was used AO/EB staining for apoptosis detection and cell cycle analysis, monitored through flow cytometry. It also determined the mRNA expression levels of different apoptosis-regulatory genes, including p53, Bax, NF-kB, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and caspase-3. The antitumor activities of these phytochemicals and their combinations were investigated in a subcutaneous mouse tumor model. The tumor diameter was 21.4 f 1.1 mm in the Dacarbazine treatment group and 42.4 f 3.1 mm in the control group. The antitumoral activities of AP and PC in the tumor model were similar to those of Dacarbazine. On the other hand, GT exhibited remarkable antitumoral activity, with a 1.75-fold reduction in tumor diameter compared to the Dacarbazine group. When different combinations of phytochemicals and Dacarbazine were used, the GT plus Dacarbazine treatment group was found to have a 3.5- fold reduction in tumor diameter compared to the Dacarbazine group. The tumor diameters in the Dacarbazine, AP plus GT, GT plus Dacarbazine, and AP plus Dacarbazine treatment groups were 21.4 f 1.1, 7.6 f 2.2, 8.6 f 0.5, and 6.2 f 1.9 mm, respectively.