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Öğe Accumulation and health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables grown in Amik Plain, Antakya, Turkey(Parlar Scientific Publications, 2020) Karanlik, Sema; Agca, Necat; Dogan, KemalThe concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cd, Ni, Cr and Pb were determined in the edible parts of onion, lettuce, parsley, spinach, carrot, and potato grown in Amik Plain. Average Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cd, Ni, Cr and Pb concentrations were found to be 20.8, 101.8, 7.23, 32.9, 1.23, 1.82, 1.48, and 0.85 mg kg-1, respectively. Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn and Ni levels were found within the maximum allowable limits (MAL) identified by WHO/FAO, whereas Cd in all vegetable samples, Pb in 83% and Cr in 27% of the samples were determined to be higher than MAL. Health risk assessment was carried out by using Daily Intake of Metals (DIM) and Health Risk Index (HRI). The highest DIM value was found in the consumption of spinach followed by parsley, lettuce, onion, carrot, and potato respectively. However, all of the estimated DIM values for Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cd, Ni, Cr and Pb were found to be much lower than the oral reference doses (RfD). The HRI values were found to be lower than the values for heavy metals. It can be assumed that heavy metal intake due to vegetable consumption in the region does not pose any significant risk for human health currently. Considering that people consume not only vegetables in nutrition, HRI values should be determined for each food group and evaluated together. © by PSPÖğe ACCUMULATION AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN VEGETABLES GROWN IN AMIK PLAIN, ANTAKYA, TURKEY(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2020) Karanlik, Sema; Agca, Necat; Dogan, KemalThe concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cd, Ni, Cr and Pb were determined in the edible parts of onion, lettuce, parsley, spinach, carrot, and potato grown in Amik Plain. Average Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cd, Ni, Cr and Pb concentrations were found to be 20.8, 101.8, 7.23, 32.9, 1.23, 1.82, 1.48, and 0.85 mg kg(-1), respectively. Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn and Ni levels were found within the maximum allowable limits (MAL) identified by WHO/FAO, whereas Cd in all vegetable samples, Pb in 83% and Cr in 27% of the samples were determined to be higher than MAL. Health risk assessment was carried out by using Daily Intake of Metals (DIM) and Health Risk Index (HRI). The highest DIM value was found in the consumption of spinach followed by parsley, lettuce, onion, carrot, and potato respectively. However, all of the estimated DIM values for Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cd, Ni, Cr and Pb were found to be much lower than the oral reference doses (RfD). The HRI values were found to be lower than the values for heavy metals. It can be assumed that heavy metal intake due to vegetable consumption in the region does not pose any significant risk for human health currently. Considering that people consume not only vegetables in nutrition, HRI values should be determined for each food group and evaluated together.Öğe Assessment of ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, and heavy metal pollution in groundwater from Amik Plain, southern Turkey(Springer, 2014) Agca, Necat; Karanlik, Sema; Odemis, BerkantAmik Plain is one of the most important agricultural areas of Turkey. Because the groundwater resources have been used not only for irrigation but also for drinking purpose, groundwater resources play a vital role in this area. However, there exist no or a very limited number of studies on groundwater quality and its physicochemical and heavy metal composition for Amik Plain. This study aimed to assess groundwater of Amik Plain in terms of human health and suitability for irrigation based on physicochemical variables, heavy metals, and their spatial distribution. A total of 92 groundwater samples were collected from wells and were analyzed for temperature (T), salt content (SC), dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonium (NH4 (+)), nitrate (NO3 (-)), and phosphorus (P) and such heavy metals as cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). The temperature, SC, DO, NH4 (+), and NO3 (-) parameters were measured in situ immediately with YSI Professional plus instrument (Pro Plus). Water depth was taken from owner of the wells. Heavy metal analyses were carried out in triplicate using inductively coupled atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). The ICP-AES was calibrated for all the metals by running different concentrations of standard solutions. Descriptive statistical analyses were calculated to characterize distribution of physicochemical properties and heavy metal contents of groundwater. Correlation analysis was used to assess the possible relationships among heavy metals and physicochemical properties of the groundwater. Spatial variability in groundwater parameters were determined by geostatistical methods. Result shows that the highest and lowest coefficient of variation occurred for NO3 (-) and T, respectively. Mean water table depth was 92.1 m, and only 12 of all the samples exceeded the desirable limit of 50 mg/L for NO3 (-) content. The metal concentrations showed a dominance in the order of Fe > Mn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Zn > Co > Cd > Pb. All the samples had much higher Cd concentration than the guideline value for drinking water while Cu and Fe concentrations were below the guideline limit recommended by WHO.Öğe Assessment of spatial distribution and possible sources of heavy metals in the soils of Sariseki-Dortyol District in Hatay Province (Turkey)(Springer, 2014) Agca, Necat; Ozdel, EnginIn this study, total heavy metal content of soil and their spatial distribution in SarA +/- seki-Dortyol district were analyzed and mapped. Variable distance grids (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 km) were established, with a total of 102 soil samples collected from two different soil depths (0-5 and 5-20 cm) at intersections of the grids (51 sampling point). Soil samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Ni). The most proper variogram models for the contents of all heavy metal were spherical and exponential ones. The ranges of semivariograms were between 1.9 and 31.1 km. According to the calculated geoaccumulation (I (geo)) values, samples from both soil depths were classified as partly to highly polluted with Cd and Ni and partly polluted with Cr and as partly polluted-to-not polluted with Pb and not polluted with Cu, Fe and Mn. Similar results were also obtained when evaluated by the enrichment factor. The contamination levels of the heavy metals were Ni > Cd > Cr > Pb > Zn > Cu > Co > Fe > Mn in decreasing order. The soils in the study area are contaminated predominantly by Cd and Ni, which may give rise to various health hazards or diseases. Cadmium pollution results primarily from industrial activities and, to a lesser extent, from vehicular traffic, whereas Ni contents in the study area result from parent material, phosphorus fertilizer, industries, and vehicles.Öğe EFFECTS OF ZINC AND POTASSIUM NUTRITION ON SALINITY STRESS IN DIFFERENT WHEAT GENOTYPES: GROWTH AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2013) Karanlik, Sema; Tiryakioglu, Murat; Agca, NecatTo evaluate the role of zinc (Zn) and potassium (K) in alleviating the detrimental effects of salinity, two bread wheat (Triticumaestivum L.; Dagdas and ES-14) and two durum wheat (Triticum durum L.;Kunduru-1149 and Selcuklu-97)genotypes were grown in nutrient solution having different Zn (2x10(-8) M and 10(-6) M) and K levels (100 mu M and 2 mM), under controlled conditions. After 7 days, nutrient solution was salinized by three NaCl levels (0, 75 and 150 mM). Plants were harvested at the 15th day of growth. Increasing NaCl levels decreased dry matter production; these decreases were greater under Zn and K deficient conditions. Sodium concentrations of shoots and roots were increased with increasing NaCl levels while dry matter production, K, Ca and Zn concentrations, as well as K/Na and Ca/Na ratios were decreased. Supplemental Zn and/or K treatments increased the dry matter production and lowered the Na concentrations, especially at the highest NaCl level. Supplemental Zn led to decreases in IgNa ratios at 0 and 75 mM NaCl but to an increase in K/Na ratio at 150 mM NaCl level in the shoots. Supplemental K, both alone or in combination with Zn, increased the K concentration and K/Na ratio. In general, calcium concentrations of plants were decreased by Zn and/or K supplements at all salinity levels. Zinc concentrations were increased with the supplemental Zn but slightly decreased with supplemental K alone. Although the decreasing rates in dry matter production because of NaCl were more severe in durum than bread wheat genotypes, increases in dry matter production by supplemental Zn and K were higher in durum than bread wheat genotypes. The results showed that supplemental Zn and/or K enhanced salt tolerance in wheat genotypes which was ascribed to decreased Na and increased K concentrations with a resultant improvement in K/Na ratio.Öğe SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN ORONTES RIVER (HATAY, TURKEY)(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2009) Agca, Necat; Odemis, Berkant; Yalcin, MehmetOrontes (Asi) River, which is one of the important water Sources in the Middle East. rises in Lebanon, runs through Syria and Turkey and discharges into the Mediterranean Sea at the southern edge of Samandag, Hatay in Turkey. In this study, it is purposed to determine spatial and temporal variations of physicochemical properties and metal contents of Orontes River. Water samples were taken from 12 sampling sites on the Orontes River at six different periods. Water temperatures were measured at each site at the sampling times. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH. total dissolved solids (TDS), Na, K, Ca, Mg. Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Zn, CO(3), HCO(3), and Cl determinations: were made on the water samples. Heavy metal concentrations of the Orontes River were found to be considerably low owing to the relatively low industrial activity in the basin. However, the presence of high concentrations of P especially around Antakya city was possibly due to the untreated sewage sludge discharge into this river. The seasonal and spatial fluctuations in the pH values were not excessive. The EC values at the sampling sites were found to be on the higher range in terms of salinity (754.5-1699.6 mu S cm(-1)). Both the EC and TDS values increased markedly in the rainy season probably due to the contribution of salts leaching from nearby lands. It can be concluded that soluble salts and the high P content are the most critical respective parameters threatening the agriculture and aquatic life in the lower Orontes River basin.Öğe SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BORON CONTENT AND SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS IN AMIK PLAIN, SOUTHERN TURKEY(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2011) Agca, Necat; Karanlik, SemaThis study was aimed to determine spatial variability of boron (B) contents and some physical and chemical properties of the soils and to assess their spatial distribution patterns in Amik Plain. A total of 264 samples from surface and subsurface soil were collected from 132 sites in the study area. Soil samples were analyzed for B, pH, total soluble salt, CaCO3, particle size distribution, and organic matter (only in the topsoil). Boron content was found to vary between 0.13 and 5.29 mg/kg. Except for one, none of the soil samples contained more than 5 mg/kg which is a widely accepted critical concentration value for B toxicity in plants. Soil pH had the minimum variability and soluble salt had the maximum variability at the depths of 0-20 and 20-40 cm. The soil properties indicated a strong spatial dependence except for pH at 0-20 cm depth and sand content at 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm depths which showed moderate spatial dependence (nugget ratio ranging from 0.317 to 0.468).Öğe Spatial distribution of heavy metal content in soils around an industrial area in Southern Turkey(Springer Heidelberg, 2015) Agca, NecatThe purpose of this study is to investigate heavy metal contents and to determine their spatial distribution in soils around industrial areas. A total of 102 soil samples were collected by a variable-distance grid sampling technique at depths 0-5 and 5-20 cm from 51 locations. Samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), particle size distribution (sand, silt, and clay), and available heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentrations. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to the transformed data. Maps of the spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations in the research area were generated using kriging interpolation of data for surface and subsurface soils. Mean pH, EC, and OM varied between 7.93-7.98, 293.7-275.7 mu S cm(-1) and 5.83-3.61 %, respectively. Average values of the heavy metals at both depth ranges showed the following order: Zn>Fe>Mn>Ni=Pb>Cu>Co>Cr>Cd. PCA analysis showed that Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn may have a similar source. Contents of these metals were the highest around the industrial area and roads. Fe was high in the industrial and forest areas, whereas Mn and Ni contents were high in agricultural and forest lands. The spatial distribution of Co appears controlled by both natural and anthropogenic factors, and that of Cr by only natural factors.Öğe Spatial distribution of heavy metals content in soils of Amik Plain (Hatay, Turkey)(Springer, 2011) Karanlik, Sema; Agca, Necat; Yalcin, MehmetThe purpose of the study was to investigate the total and bio-available contents of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Ni, and Pb) and to determine their spatial variability in the Amik Plain, Turkey. Samples of surface and subsurface soil were collected at 132 sites in the research area. All of the total metal concentrations except Ni were considerably lower than their maximum allowable concentrations. Mean available Pb concentrations at both depths were above the permissible limits, while the other metal concentrations were within the proposed limits. Semivariograms of all the total metal contents, pH, and available Ni and Pb content were best fitted to spherical models, while available Cd and Co contents were best fitted to exponential models. Block kriging was used to interpolate values at unmeasured locations, generating maps of spatial variation for each heavy metal and pH.Öğe Spatial variability of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and irrigation in the Amik Plain (South Turkey)(Springer, 2014) Agca, NecatIn this study, it is determined physicochemical properties of the groundwater and the spatial variability of physicochemical properties of the groundwater in the Amik plain and as well as assess its suitability for drinking and irrigation. A total 92 groundwater samples were collected from drilled well in June 2012. In addition, the 42 of 92 drilled wells were also sampled in September 2012 to evaluate the changes of groundwater properties. According to t test values, the mean Ca2+, SO42-, Mg2+ and TH values in the June period were significantly lower than those of the September period. On the other hand, the mean (CO32- + HCO3-) and RSC and MR values in the June period were significantly higher than those of the September period. The order of relative abundance of major cations in the groundwater (in mg L-1) is in order Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+. The order of the anions abundance (mg L-1) is SO42- > Cl- > HCO3- > CO32- in this research. Log and square-root transformation were carried out for the most of the water properties before the calculation of semivariance. The nugget ratio showed all the variables were strongly spatial dependent except for K+ and Mg2+ and (CO32- + HCO3-) which showed moderate spatial dependence (ratio ranging from 28 to 49.9 %). Spatial distribution analysis of groundwater quality indicated that The EC, TDS values and Na and Cl- contents which is important water quality parameters increase from northern towards southern. The total hardness values increase also from northwestern towards southwestern.
