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Öğe Are shocks to disaggregated energy consumption transitory or permanent in Turkey? New evidence from fourier panel KPSS test(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Erdogan, Sinan; Akalin, Guray; Oypan, OguzThe investigation of the stationarity property of energy consumption has recently been a challenge for researchers in energy economics and important for consistent policy proposals. This study uses a set of conventional unit root tests and a recently developed Fourier panel KPSS test to investigate the persistence of shocks in disaggregated energy consumption data in Turkey from 1970 to 2016. The empirical results are as follows. First, the results of the unit root tests with no structural breaks reveal that energy consumption is overwhelmingly nonstationary in regard to sectoral energy consumption, except for the government's consumption; additionally, panel statistics also indicate that energy consumption is nonstationary. Second, the results of the stationarity test that allows multiple structural breaks reveal that sectoral energy use is stationary, but the panel results are controversial. Third, the Fourier panel KPSS test shows that energy use is nonstationary at both the sectoral and the panel level. Overall, the empirical findings indicate that disaggregated energy use is nonstationary, and that the effects of possible shocks on energy consumption in Turkey are permanent. Therefore, stabilization policies on energy consumption are required to avoid a possible spillover effect of energy shocks on other macroeconomic variables. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Do dependence on fossil fuels and corruption spur ecological footprint?(Elsevier Science Inc, 2021) Akalin, Guray; Erdogan, Sinan; Sarkodie, Samuel AsumaduCorruption, a benchmark for institutional quality plays a critical role in achieving sustainable development, especially in developing countries. The nexus between corruption and economics is widely discussed in economic literature, however, the nexus between corruption and environmental degradation has received less attention. Here, we investigate the relationship between corruption and environmental degradation by accounting for income, urbanization, and disaggregate energy consumption in Newly Industrialized Countries from 1984 to 2016. Utilizing panel data methods, the empirical results reveal the existence of a long-run relationship between environmental degradation and regressors. Corruption, economic growth, and fossil fuel utilization have positive and statistically significant effect on environmental degradation, whereas renewable energy consumption has negative and statistically significant effect on environmental degradation. Besides, urbanization has positive but statistically insignificant effect on environmental degradation. The results reveal corruption poses a risk to the achievement of environmental aims of Sustainable Development Goals in Newly Industrialized Countries.Öğe Does democracy help reduce environmental degradation?(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Akalin, Guray; Erdogan, SinanThe main purpose of this study is to examine the democracy-environmental degradation nexus in 26 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries from 1990 through 2015 by using panel data estimation methods, performing well under cross-sectional dependence. Empirical results are as follows: (i) Tests show that cross-section dependence exists among panel members, and slope coefficients are heterogeneous, respectively, and (ii) long-term coefficient estimation results with Augmented Mean Group estimator show that democracy, non-renewable energy consumption, and real income per capita have statistically significant negative effects on environmental quality, whereas renewable energy consumption has a positive effect. There is also no statistically significant relationship between urbanization and environmental quality. These findings show the poor functioning of democracy in addressing environmental issues among OECD countries; therefore, raising environmental quality conflicts with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of creating strong institutions and economic growth targets. Moreover, promoting renewable energy consumption may be an effective alternative in reducing environmental degradation; therefore, it can be said that promoting clean energy use and raising the SDG environmental quality targets are in harmony.Öğe The electricity consumption, real income, trade openness and foreign direct investment: The empirical evidence from Turkey(Econjournals, 2015) Acaravci, Ali; Erdogan, Sinan; Akalin, GurayThis study aims to explore both the long-run and causal relationships between electricity consumption per capita, real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, trade openness and foreign direct investment inflows per capita in Turkey during the time period 1974-2013. The study employs the autoregressive distributed lag model and the augmented Granger causality model. The bounds F-test for cointegration test yields evidence of a longrun relationship between variables. The overall results from the three error-correction based Granger causality models show that there is an evidence of unidirectional short-run, long-run and strong causalities running from the electricity consumption per capita to real GDP per capita. But, there is no causal evidence from the real GDP per capita to electricity consumption per capita. This result also support that, “growth hypothesis” is confirmed in Turkey. As a policy implication, the energy growth policies regarding electricity consumption should be adapted in such a way that the development of this sector stimulates economic growth. © 2015, Econjournals. All rights reserved.Öğe Environment-economic growth nexus: A comparative analysis of developed and developing countries(Econjournals, 2017) Acaravci, Ali; Akalin, GurayThis study aims to examine the interaction between carbon emissions, income, and trade openness in developed and developing countries for the period from 1980 to 2010 by using recently developed panel data econometric methods. The results are as follows: (i) There is an evidence of the cross-sectional dependence for each variable. (ii) The cross-sectionally augmented and Smith et al.’s panel unit root tests are indicate that all variables are stationary at their first difference. (iii) A Durbin-Hausman cointegration test shows that there exists a long-term relationship between variables. (iv) The results from the common correlated effect estimator presents that there is evidence of the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in developed countries. (v) The EKC hypothesis is not valid in developing countries. © 2017, Econjournals. All rights reserved.Öğe Oil exports and non-oil exports Dutch disease effects in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2017) Karamelikli, Huseyin; Akalin, Guray; Arslan, UnalPurpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamic relationship between oil exports, non-oil exports, imports and economic growth in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), covering the period 1972-2013 by using panel data analysis. Design/methodology/approach - The results from the dynamic panel data methods are as follows: there exists the cross-sectional dependence on each variable. According to the cross-sectionally augmented panel unit root tests, all variables are stationary at the first difference. Westerlund and Edgerton (2007) LM Bootstrap cointegration test shows that there is a long-term relationship between variables. Findings - The results obtained by the Common Correlated Effects (CCE) estimator indicate that the increase in oil exports has a positive impact on the GDP of all countries, while the increase in oil exports has a negative impact on the non-oil exports of some countries. Originality/value - In this study, the relationship between oil exports, economic growth, imports and non-oil exports of the 12 OPEC member countries is tested by considering the cross-sectional dependence between 1972 and 2013. In the study, the authors found a positive relationship as a result of researching the impact of oil exports on economic growth in the frame of CCE panel estimations results.Öğe Trading Kuznets curve: empirical analysis for China(Springer, 2022) Yasar, Ercan; Akalin, Guray; Erdogan, Sinan; Sarkodie, Samuel AsumaduDue to inspiring growth over the past 20 years, the dynamics of Chinese exports have been the focus of many researchers. In contrast to current literature, this study examines the quadratic relationship between China's real exports to 154 partner countries and the income of trading partners from 1996 to 2019. The findings obtained from the second generational econometric analysis confirm cross-section dependence and heterogeneous slope among panel members. Second, while the GDP per capita of partner countries has a positive impact on China's exports, the quadratic of GDP per capita has a negative impact. These findings indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship between China's exports and GDP per capita of its partner countries-thus, validating the trading Kuznets curve (TKC) hypothesis. The appreciation of the Renminbi (RMB) has statistically significant negative effects on China's exports. From a policy perspective, Chinese policymakers could consider the TKC hypothesis when determining market and export strategies. Additionally, the Chinese monetary authority could consider stabilizing the value of the RMB.
