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Öğe Archaeometric evidence for the earliest exploitation of lignite from the bronze age Eastern Mediterranean(Nature Portfolio, 2021) Buckley, Stephen; Power, Robert C.; Andreadaki-Vlazaki, Maria; Akar, Murat; Becher, Julia; Belser, Matthias; Cafisso, SaraThis paper presents the earliest evidence for the exploitation of lignite (brown coal) in Europe and sheds new light on the use of combustion fuel sources in the 2nd millennium BCE Eastern Mediterranean. We applied Thermal Desorption/Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Polarizing Microscopy to the dental calculus of 67 individuals and we identified clear evidence for combustion markers embedded within this calculus. In contrast to the scant evidence for combustion markers within the calculus samples from Egypt, all other individuals show the inhalation of smoke from fires burning wood identified as Pinaceae, in addition to hardwood, such as oak and olive, and/or dung. Importantly, individuals from the Palatial Period at the Mycenaean citadel of Tiryns and the Cretan harbour site of Chania also show the inhalation of fire-smoke from lignite, consistent with the chemical signature of sources in the northwestern Peloponnese and Western Crete respectively. This first evidence for lignite exploitation was likely connected to and at the same time enabled Late Bronze Age Aegean metal and pottery production, significantly by both male and female individuals.Öğe Embracing Heritage, Empowering Communities: Visualizing Fieldwork and the 6 February 2023 Earthquakes at the Bronze Age City of Tell Atchana, Alalakh(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Akar, Murat; Kirman, Onur Hasan; Bulu, Muge; Maloigne, Helene; Ingman, Tara; Tektas, Goekhan; Ecer, Baran KerimThe earthquakes on 6 February 2023 in southeastern T & uuml;rkiye and northern Syria were a disaster on a massive scale. Tens of thousands of lives were lost, and the destruction is still being assessed and grappled with today, over a year later. As one of the archaeological projects in the disaster zone, we at the Tell Atchana Excavations, many of us survivors, have had to consider ways in which we can move forward while incorporating and honoring the past-both the past that we study and our own experiences. We have embraced the engagement with the past that characterizes archaeology as a discipline and have come together to support one another and our communities through a large-scale project of preserving the exposed mudbrick monuments at Tell Atchana. This photo essay journeys through the difficulties we faced and the opportunities we found in them and celebrates the healing potential of archaeology in the face of disaster.Öğe The formation of collective, political and cultural memory in the Middle Bronze Age: foundation and termination rituals at Toprakhisar Hoyuk(Cambridge Univ Press, 2020) Akar, Murat; Kara, DemetConstructing and deconstructing public spaces in second-millennium BC Anatolia, the Near East and the Levant was not only a collaborative physical act but also involved deeply embodied ritual symbolism. This symbolism is materialised in the practice of conducting public foundation and termination rituals that unified individual memories in space and time, transforming the physical act into a collective memory: a process that contributed to the formation of political and cultural memory. The recent rescue excavations conducted by the Hatay Archaeological Museum at the hinterland site of Toprakhisar Hoyuk in Altinozu (in the foothills above the Amuq valley) add to the understanding of the practice of foundation and termination rituals during the Middle Bronze Age and how these moments may have contributed to the political and cultural memory of a rural community living away from the centre. The practice of foundation/termination rituals is archaeologically documented by caches of artefacts from votive contexts stratigraphically linked to the construction and termination of a Middle Bronze Age administrative structure.Öğe Human mobility at Tell Atchana (Alalakh), Hatay, Turkey during the 2nd millennium BC: Integration of isotopic and genomic evidence(Public Library Science, 2021) Ingman, Tara; Eisenmann, Stefanie; Skourtanioti, Eirini; Akar, Murat; Ilgner, Jana; Ruscone, Guido Alberto Gnecchi; le Roux, PetrusThe Middle and Late Bronze Age, a period roughly spanning the 2(nd) millennium BC (ca. 2000-1200 BC) in the Near East, is frequently referred to as the first 'international age', characterized by intense and far-reaching contacts between different entities from the eastern Mediterranean to the Near East and beyond. In a large-scale tandem study of stable isotopes and ancient DNA of individuals excavated at Tell Atchana (Alalakh, located in Hatay, Turkey), we explored the role of mobility at the capital of a regional kingdom, named Mukish during the Late Bronze Age, which spanned the Amuq Valley and some areas beyond. We generated strontium and oxygen isotope data from dental enamel for 53 individuals and 77 individuals, respectively, and added ancient DNA data of 10 newly sequenced individuals to a dataset of 27 individuals published in 2020. Additionally, we improved the DNA coverage of one individual from this 2020 dataset. The DNA data revealed a very homogeneous gene pool. This picture of an overwhelmingly local ancestry was consistent with the evidence of local upbringing in most of the individuals indicated by the isotopic data, where only five were found to be non-local. High levels of contact, trade, and exchange of ideas and goods in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, therefore, seem not to have translated into high levels of individual mobility detectable at Tell Atchana.Öğe Into the Hinterland: The Middle Bronze Age Building at Toprakhisar Hoyuk Altinozu (Hatay, Turkey)(Koc Univ Suna & Inan Kirac Res Ctr Mediterranean Civilizations-Akmed, 2018) Akar, Murat; Kara, DemetThe recent salvage excavations conducted by the Hatay Archaeological Museum at Toprakhisar Hoyuk (Altinozu) in the highlands sorrounding the Amuq Valley on its southwestern side have revealed architectural data regarding re-urbanization patterns in the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1600 BC, MBA hereafter). This archaeological data is discussed under the larger theme of materiality, function, and conscious symbolism in the use of space. It is argued that rural sites likewise contained administrative complexes with stylistic attributes similar to well-known and larger palaces from the urban centers of the region.Öğe A lead figurine from Toprakhisar Hoyuk: magico-ritual objects in the Syro-Anatolian Middle Bronze Age(Cambridge Univ Press, 2022) Akar, Murat; Kara, DemetThis article examines supra-regional trends in magico-ritual objects through a mould-made lead figurine in the form of a foundation peg found in a disturbed Early Bronze IVB to Middle Bronze I transitional deposit at Toprakhisar Hoyuk (Altinozu, Hatay). The stylised object is interpreted as a bull standing atop a peg, pointing to the adoption of hybrid Syro-Anatolian and Mesopotamian technological, iconographic and apotropaic values. It is suggested the object is ritual paraphernalia, likely in relation to the cult of the Storm God, used in a foundation ritual. Together with this peculiar metal product, the presence of other magico-ritual objects that point to northern Mesopotamian connections at the small hinterland site of Toprakhisar Hoyuk, on the outskirts of the Amuq valley, is considered to be a possible material reflection of new groups in the region, including Hurrians and Amorites, which contributed to the unity and regionality of the cults and rituals of Syro-Anatolian communities of the Middle Bronze Age.Öğe Pointed juglets as an international trend in late bronze ritual practices: A view from Alalakh(Brill Academic Publishers, 2017) Akar, MuratLate Bronze Age international relations and their consequent effects in the development of distinct but similar forms of vessel types in Anatolian and Eastern Mediterranean contexts are explored in this article. The similar contextual and stylistic patterns observed between North Central Anatolian and Cypriot White Shaved Ware juglets at Tell Atchana, Alalakh are reviewed under the larger theme of ritualistic traditions when the connectivity patterns between distinct regions contributed to the formation of international tools of ritual practices. © 2017 Brill Academic Publishers. All rights reserved.
