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    Analysing the ecological footprint in EU-5 countries under a scenario of carbon neutrality: Evidence from newly developed sharp and smooth structural breaks in unit root testing
    (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Caglar, Abdullah Emre; Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel; Akin, Cemil Serhat
    This paper examines the resistance to shocks (economic, political, outbreaks etc.) of the ecological footprint in EU-5 countries over the period 1961-2016. The aim of the study is to determine whether the ecological footprint tends to return to the average with advanced econometric analysis. Efforts to move towards carbon neutrality, which increased after the Paris Agreement, are important for the countries in our analysis. To achieve our aim, we primarily used traditional and one-break unit root tests, followed by the novel SOR unit root test, which considers both sharp and smooth breaks to achieve robust results. The econometric findings show that EF and its six components (i.e., carbon, cropland, grazing land, forest, built-up land and fishing grounds) all contain unit root except the built-up land footprint for Spain and the grazing land and forest footprint for the United Kingdom. Our study provides policymakers with important information for implementing policies to reduce environmental pollution and achieve the target of carbon neutrality.
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    Can education lower the environmental degradation? Bootstrap panel Granger causality analysis for emerging countries
    (Springer, 2022) Aytun, Cengiz; Akin, Cemil Serhat
    Environmental degradation, which became evident after the Industrial Revolution, is one of the most important problems to be solved in the twenty-first century. The need for energy in the production process has caused the rapid use of carbon stores, and global warming has been experienced with the increase in carbon emissions. Due to the fact that global warming has reached a level that threatens human life and negatively affects the quality of life, many studies have been carried out to find ways of preventing the decrease in the life quality caused by environmental degradation. The policies developed by politicians to reduce this degradation have been insufficient, and the increase in environmental degradation has continued. The increase in needs with the increasing population, more consume more happiness and costly access to clean energy sources are the reasons for the failure of these policies. Failures of policies implemented on a macro-scale have led to searches for different policies. In this process, education-oriented policies came to the fore. Education has an important role in production, technological progress, and awareness about the environment, which are determinants of environmental degradation. Although the education is an important policy tool to be used against environmental degradation in the future, studies on the effects of education on the environment are limited and theoretical. Hence, the purpose of this research was to investigate empirically whether education is an important policy tool for addressing environmental quality in developing countries. To this end, the causal relationship between education and CO2 emissions for 14 developing countries from 1990 to 2017 was explored using the de Konya method (Econ Modell 23(6):978-992, 2006. ). This method uses an augmented panel non-causality procedure that controls cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity. The results showed that there is a causality relation of education to CO2 emissions in Chile and Poland, countries with the highest education and income levels among the emerging nations. Also, the corrective effect of income level expressed in EKC on the environment can be realized at lower income levels thanks to education. In this respect, education policy can be seen as an important tool in preventing environmental degradation, particularly in developing countries.
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    The Effects of Social Capital on Labor Market: Panel Causality Analysis
    (Eskisehir Osmangazi Univ, Fac Education, 2014) Akin, Cemil Serhat; Aytun, Cengiz
    Today, strengthening the social networks based on the trust between the labor force and employer is an important policy to struggle with the unemployment. On the other hand, there are also debates about the direction of causality between the social capital and unemployment. The aim of this study is to investigate the direction of the causality between the social capital and unemployment through panel data analysis in which heterogeneity and the cross sectional dependency were taken into consideration. The data are from 42 countries for the period of 1941-2012. The results of the analysis show that there exists a causality from social capital to unemployment. Findings indicate that the social capital policies upon the unemployment could be efficient.
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    The impact of foreign trade, energy consumption and income on Co2 emissions
    (Econjournals, 2014) Akin, Cemil Serhat
    The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of energy consumption economic growth and especially trade openness on CO2 emissions. In this frame, determiners of the CO2 emissions are questioned by panel data cointegration analysis. In the scope of this study, 85 countries' data are contributed to the analysis for the period of 1990-2011. According to the results positive relationship is found between CO2 emissions and energy consumption, per capita income and trade openness. On the other hand, trade openness can reduce CO2 emissions in the long run. Findings indicate that in the short run unidirectional causality from CO2 emissions to trade openness (TRD). Also there is unidirectional causality from per capita income (GDP) to CO2 emissions and energy consumption (EN). Short run dynamics suggest bidirectional causality from GDP to TRD and TRD2. According to the coefficient on the lagged ECT, implying that there are two long-run panel causality links that run from LGDP, LTRD and LEN, to LCO2 and from LGDP, LTRD and LCO2 emissions to LEN.
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    The role of agricultural productivity in economic growth in middle-income countries: An empirical investigation
    (Univ Islam Indonesia, 2021) Guzel, Arif Eser; Akin, Cemil Serhat
    Purpose - This study investigates the role of agricultural productivity in economic growth in middle-income countries. Methods - This study utilizes the data of 53 middle-income countries over the period 1991-2017 and provides robust estimations using second-generation panel data methods considering crosssectional dependency. Findings - The estimation results of the Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG), Dynamic-CCEMG, and biased-corrected form of Dynamic-CCEMG, suggest that agricultural productivity is the main engine of economic growth. Additional findings show that economic growth is positively associated with both physical capital and human capital. This paper does not find any significant relationship between trade openness and economic growth. Originality - This study focuses on analyzing the effect of agricultural productivity neglected mainly in recent studies on economic growth. This paper develops a second-generation estimator that considers cross-sectional dependence.
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    Roles of Investment and Innovation in Business Cycle from Kalecki's Perspective with a Schumpeterian Approach: An Empirical Analysis for Turkey and Greece
    (Int Burch Univ, 2012) Aktakas, Basak Gul; Aytun, Cengiz; Akin, Cemil Serhat
    Business cycles are one of the best sources to understand current situation of a country's economy. Michal Kalecki denotes investment as the best explanatory for the dimension and reason of cycles; on the other hand Schumpeter considers that innovation should be placed in a different position in this regard. In addition, both Kalecki and Schumpeter verify that investment and innovation are related with each other because innovation is also an important subject for investment. It is expected that investment and innovation have the effect in the same direction on output. In this study, business cycles have analyzed for 1971-2009 period by using the yearly data in Turkey and Greece and it has been dealt effects of investment and innovation on cyclical fluctuation. In this paper which growth rates have been discussed, ordinary least square estimation method has been used. In this respect firstly, it has been examined that the effect of innovation on investment and income. After that examined that effect of investment on output and finally innovation and investment have been evaluated by considering the effects on the output. It has been found that the obtained results support the views of Kalecki for both of the countries.
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    Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Growth in OECD Countries: Cross-Sectionally Dependent Heterogeneous Panel Causality Analysis
    (Bilgesel Yayincilik San & Tic Ltd, 2014) Aytun, Cengiz; Akin, Cemil Serhat
    The aim of this study is to determine the direction of causality between the telecommunication infrastructure and economic growth in OECD countries. The empirical model is estimated for the panel of 21 OECD countries during the period 1975-2012. Apart from the previous studies, this study utilizes the advanced panel causality approach, which allows both cross-sectional dependency and heterogeneity across countries. The findings show that there is bi-directional causality between telecommunications infrastructure and economic growth. In addition to the casual relationship between telecommunications infrastructure and economic growth, this situation also gives way to the feedback effect. Thus, with the interactive impact of the economic growth on telecommunications infrastructure, policies will be much more effective. This seems to suggest that policies aimed at stimulating the OECD economies by accelerating investment in the telecommunications sector may be successful.