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    The effect of Origanum syriacum L. extract and carvacrol on the in vitro digestion, estimated digestion values, ammonia and organic acid concentrations in the fermentation fluid of lucerne herbage
    (Czech Academy Agricultural Sciences, 2022) Onel, Suleyman Ercument; Aksu, Taylan; Kara, Kanber; Aksu, Devrim Saripinar
    The effects induced by medicinal aromatic plants in biological systems vary with the type and amount of bioactive substances these plants contain. Whether the purified form of the main chemical components of these plants, such as carvacrol and thymol, or plant volatile oils containing tens of bioactive compounds are more effective remains a question of debate. This study was aimed at providing a comparative assessment of the effects of Origanum syriacum L. (wild mountain thyme) volatile oil (OSVO) and one of its main components, carvacrol (CRV), on the in vitro ruminal degradability of lucerne herbage and methane production during the degradation of lucerne. For this purpose, wild thyme was harvested at the beginning of the flowering period, and the OSVO was extracted from the plant by steam distillation. Gas production assays were performed in five groups of ruminal fluid samples, one of which was maintained for control purposes, and the other four 40/60/80 mg/l of OSVO and 60 mg/l of CRV were added. Compared to the control group, in the samples with the added CRV and OSVO, the amounts of in vitro total gas and methane production were observed to have been affected, but no decrease was detected in the ruminal protozoa counts. The level of ammonia nitrogen was lowest in the groups, in which CRV and 40 mg/l of OSVO (P < 0.01) were added. The ruminal protozoa counts were not affected by the addition of CRV and OSVO. While the total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and propionic acid (PA) concentrations in the in vitro fermentation fluid of lucerne herbage were low in all the groups, butyric acid was detected at a level of 40 mg/l in the group where CRV was added. The OSVO was ascertained to have induced dose-dependent alterations in the investigated in vitro digestion parameters. In result, CRV (60 mg/l) and OSVO (40 mg/l) were determined to have shown a relatively positive effect on the in vitro ruminal gas production. The anti-methano genic effect of the plant extracts was due to the decreased digestibility of the lucerne herbage. This can have a positive impact on the environment, but the same cannot be said for the animal nutrient use and animal performance.
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    Effect of Some Essential Oils on in vitro Ruminal Fermentation of Alfalfa Hay
    (Mattioli 1885, 2021) Onel, Suleyman Ercument; Aksu, Taylan; Kalamak, Adem; Kaya, Durmus Alpaslan; Aksu, Devrim Saripinar; Sakin, Fatib; Turkmen, Musa
    Study Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of essential oils derived from the leaves of Laurus nobilis (LNEO), Myrtus communis (MCEO), Lavandula stoechas (LSEO), Artemisia annua (AAEO), and Thymbra spicata (TSEO) on the rumen fermentation parameters (gas production, methane emission, organic acids, and the number of protozoa) of dry alfalfa hay. Methods: The components of all essential oils were analyzed. The effects of adding the same dose (60 mg/L) of each essential oil to the rumen fluid on in vitro rumen digestion were determined by in vitro gas production. Results: The addition of Lavandula stoechas, Artemisia annua, Myrtus communis, and Laura nobilis essential oils decreased the total gas and methane formation (ml), organic matter digestion (OMD), ruminal ammonia nitrogen levels, and the metabolic energy (ME) values. On the other hand, the Thymbra spicata essential oil did not affect any parameter except the ruminal ammonia nitrogen level. The rumen protozoa numbers were unaffected by the addition of Thymbra spicata essential oil. The total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), and butyric acid (BA) amounts in the in vitro fermentation fluid of alfalfa hay were low in all groups. Conclusion: It was determined that the active ingredients of LSEO, AAEO, MCEO, and LNEO may have a regulatory effect on ruminal fermentation. We think that more studies using different feed types and combinations of essential oils are required to reveal the effects of these essential oils on ecology and the physiology of the digestive system.
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    The Effects of Lower Supplementation Levels of Organically Complexed Minerals (Zinc, Copper and Manganese) Versus Inorganic Forms on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Broilers
    (Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2010) Aksu, Devrim Saripinar; Aksu, Taylan; Ozsoy, Bulent
    The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing inorganic with at lower level of organically complexed minerals (Zn, Cu and Mn) on hematological and biochemical parameters in broilers. A total of two hundred Ross-308 one-day-old broiler chickens were used. Chicks were randomized into 1 control and 3 treated groups each containing 50 chicks and each experimental group comprised 5 of subgroups including 10 chicks. Mineral content of the control diet was prepared according to National Research Council (NRC) as inorganic salts. In treated groups, organically complexed Zn, Cu and Mn were separately added into the basal diet at 1/3 (group 1), 2/3 (group 2) and 3/3 (group 3) proportions as Bioplex(TM), instead of inorganic levels of those minerals recommended by NRC, respectively. The plasma Zn level significantly increased as the serum Cu level significantly decreased (P<0.05) in chickens fed at 2/3 and 3/3 levels of organic minerals. The hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume were significantly higher in group L1. Total leukocyte count and peripheral blood leukocyte type were in the normal range reported in both the control and organic mineral supplemented groups. As the high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level increased, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and total cholesterol levels decreased in chickens fed organically complexed minerals. Results showed that using at much lower level organically complexed minerals (Cu, Zn and Mn) in broiler diets instead of inorganic forms of those minerals has not created a negative impact on hematological and biochemical parameters.
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    The Effects of Replacing Inorganic with a Lower Level of Organically Complexed Minerals (Cu, Zn and Mn) in Broiler Diets on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Defense Systems
    (Asian-Australasian Assoc Animal Production Soc, 2010) Aksu, Devrim Saripinar; Aksu, Taylan; Ozsoy, Buelent; Baytok, Erol
    In this study, the effects of replacing inorganic copper, zinc and manganese with different levels of organic complexes of the same trace minerals on the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense systems in broilers were investigated. Two-hundred Ross-308 one-day-old broiler chickens were placed on controlled diets until 42 d of age. The experimental animals were divided into four groups comprising three experimental groups and one control group, each consisting of 50 chickens. All groups were also divided into five subgroups each containing 10 broiler chicks. The mineral content of the control group diet was controlled using a standard inorganic mineral premix with supplement levels and sources of trace minerals typical of commercial broiler diets according to the National Research Council (NRC) (containing 8 mg Cu as CuSO4, 40 mg Zn as ZnSO4, and 60 mg Mn as MnO, per kg). In the experimental diets, mineral premix was also comprised of inorganic formulations, except for those of Cu, Zn and Mn. Organically-complexed Cu, Zn, and Mn were separately added to the basal diet at 1/3 (L1), 2/3 (L2) and 3/3 (L3) levels with respect to the NRC recommendation, as Bioplex Cu (TM), Bioplex Zn (TM), Bioplex Mn (TM). At the end of the trial, the plasma Zn level significantly increased when the plasma Cu level significantly decreased (p<0.05) in chickens fed at 2/3 and 3/3 levels of organically complexed minerals. The liver trace mineral concentrations were significantly higher in chickens fed inorganic trace minerals in comparison to those fed organically-complexed minerals. The plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level of experimental chickens was decreased in groups receiving levels of organic Cu, Zn and Mn in comparison to those fed inorganic forms (p<0.01). The erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was higher in all groups receiving the organic mineral supplements in comparison to those fed inorganic forms (p<0.01). No differences were observed on either the erythrocyte catalase (CAT) activity or the plasma ceruloplasmin (Cp) levels, and the liver MDA levels and liver CAT and SOD activities in any of the groups that received the organic supplements of Cu, Zn, and Mn. It was concluded that supplementation of lower levels of organically-complexed copper, zinc, and manganese instead of their inorganic forms in diets had no negative effects on the antioxidant defense system in broilers.
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    The protective role of polyphenols on blood cells in rats exposed to lead
    (Sciendo, 2012) Aksu, Devrim Saripinar; Didin, Mustafa; Kayikci, Fatma
    The present study investigated the protective potential of the polyphenols in pomegranate juice against the detrimental effects of lead exposure on the hematological system and antioxidant parameters of rat red blood cells. Forty adult male Sprague Dawley rats weighing about 300 g were allocated randomly to four groups: a control group that received normal food and water; a positive control group that received a daily dose of 2000 ppm lead (as lead acetate) in their drinking water for 5 weeks; a low treatment group that received a daily dose of 2000 ppm lead together with 30 mu l pomegranate juice (PJ; equivalent to 1050 mu mol total polyphenols) by gavages for 5 weeks; and a high treatment group that received 2000 ppm lead and 60 mu l PJ (equivalent to 2100 mu mol total polyphenols) daily for 5 weeks. The plasma lead level was significantly (p<0.001) decreased as the plasma copper and zinc levels were significantly increased (p<0.001) in rats received PJ. Significant increases (p<0.001) in red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, and haemoglobin (Hb) and packet cell volume (PCV) were found in both PJ groups compared to the rats exposed to lead alone. Rats that received PJ in addition to lead showed erythrocyte glutathione and plasma ceruloplasmin levels and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and catalase activities' that were almost close to the control values. These observations indicated that treatment of rats with polyphenols might have produced amelioration in hematological system of rats exposed to lead, protecting the level of copper, zinc and antioxidants by against lead induced damage in blood cells.