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Öğe The effect of Mediterranean thyme (Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata) essential oil on fattening performance and ruminal parameters in lamb(Kielanowski Inst Animal Physiology Nutrition, 2017) Baytok, E.; Kara, K.; Aksu, T.; Guclu, B. K.; Ozkaya, S.; Denek, N.; Kamalak, A.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata (TS) essential oil (10 or 15 mu l . kg(-1) live weight (LW)) on growth performance (LW, LW gain, feed intake) and rumen parameters (volatile fatty acids (VFA)) and ammonia levels, and pH) in lambs. The experiment lasted 56 days, including 14 days of adaptation and 42 of experimental period. The TS essential oil was extracted from the leaves harvested at the beginning of plant flowering and contained: 66.86% carvacrol, 12.18% p-cymene, 10.73%.-terpinene and 2.77% thymol. The addition of TS essential oil to concentrate feed did not affect final LW, LW gain, feed intake or feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05). Molar concentrations (mmol . l(-1)) of total VFA and acetic (A), butyric (B) and propionic (P) acids, and levels of pH and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) in rumen fluid were also not affected by TS essential oil inclusion (P > 0.05). However, the proportion of A and (A+B): P ratio in rumen fluid VFA increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing TS essential oil doses, whereas the P proportion decreased linearly (P = 0.008). So, it could be suggested that TS essential oil enhanced the concentration of selected VFA in rumen fluid through a positive effect on feed digestion in the rumen. In particular, the linear increase in A and (A+ B): P ratio could have enhanced fibrolytic effect in the rumen ecosystem. It was concluded that different doses and longer terms of use of TS essential oil should be further investigated in in vivo studies.Öğe The effect of molasses-based pre-fermented juice on the fermentation quality of first-cut lucerne silage(Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) Denek, N.; Can, A.; Avci, M.; Aksu, T.; Durmaz, H.The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effect of pre-fermented juice (PFJ) on the fermentation quality and nutritive value of first-cut lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) silage. The PFJs were prepared using barley (B), wheat (W) and grass herbages (G). Both fresh (PFJ-B, PFJ-W and PFJ-G) and frozen (PFJ-B(F), PFJ-W(F) and PFJ-G(F)) PFJs were examined. Frozen PFJs were prepared by freezing fresh PFJs at -22 degrees C with 20% glycerol (v/v). Treatments of lucerne silage included (1) control; (2) silage treated with PFJ-B; (3) silage treated with PFJ-W; (4) silage treated with PFJ-G; (5) silage treated with PFJ-B(F); (6) silage treated with PFJ-W(F); and (7) silage treated with PFJ-G(F). All the treatments consisted of five replicate silos, and they were prepared in 1 center dot 0-L glass jar silos. Results showed that silages treated with fresh and frozen PFJs, regardless of plant material, had better fermentation quality than the control silage in terms of lower pH, butyric acid (BA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH(3)-N) concentrations, as well as higher lactic acid (LA) concentration (P < 0 center dot 05) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), metabolizable energy (ME) content, and gas production values (P < 0 center dot 05). Results indicated that PFJ treatments enhanced the nutritive value, fermentation quality and IVOMD, ME content and gas production values of first-cut lucerne silages.Öğe Effect of thyme oil (Thymbra spicata l. Var. Spicata) on meat quality in Japanese quails(Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2014) Aksu, T.; Aksu, M. I.; Onel, S. E.; Yakan, A.; Kaya, D. A.; Baylan, M.The effects of thyme oil on meat quality in Japanese quails were investigated. A total of 192 mixed sexes Japanese quail chicks were used in the feeding trial, which lasted until the birds reached 35 d of age. Birds were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments comprising three experimental groups and one control group (basal diet). Each group was divided into 4 subgroups, with each containing twelve quails. Basal diet was formulated according to NRC recommendations. Thyme oil was added daily to the basal diet at 200 (T1), 400 (T2) and 600 mg/kg (T3) levels, respectively. After slaughtering and evisceration, the carcasses were stored at 3 +/- 0.5 degrees C for 10-12 h and then the breast fillets were removed from carcass. All dietary levels of thyme oil increased significantly the pH values of the breast fillets (P < 0.01). Dietary thyme oils significantly affected the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) values. The TBARS value was significantly higher in male quails than in females (P < 0.01). Interaction between groups and gender has been significant for TBARS values and cold carcass weight (P < 0.01). The supplementation of thyme oil to diets significantly affected a* and C* values of breast fillets in Japanese quails (P < 0.01) while no differences were observed among all groups for L*, b*, H* values. Interaction between group and gender was also significant for a* and C* values (P < 0.01).Öğe Effects of dietary live yeast culture on fattening performance on some blood and rumen fluid parameters in goats(Ecole Nationale Veterinaire Toulouse, 2013) Ozsoy, B.; Yalcin, S.; Erdogan, Z.; Cantekin, Z.; Aksu, T.The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of live yeast culture supplementation as a natural feed additive on fattening performance, some blood and rumen fluid parameters in male goats. Totally 48 hybride male goat kids (Saanen x Sami breeds) were divided into one control and three treatment groups each containing 12 kids. Concentrates of groups were formulated as isonitrogenic and isocaloric. Live yeast culture (RumiSacc, Integro Food Industry and Trade Co., Istanbul, Turkey; Live yeast cell: 1.4 x 10(8) cfu per gram) was included in the concentrates at 0 (CON), 1.5 (YC15), 3.0 (YC30) and 4.5% (YC45) on fed basis, respectively. Concentrates were given ad libitum and 100 g per day per animal of lentil straw was given as roughage. Dietary yeast culture at the level of 4.5% increased total weight gain (+15.5% regarding control group). Rumen ammonia-N level was increased with 3 and 4.5% of live yeast culture (+30.9 and +30.5% regarding control group). Ruminal total and individual VFA and blood plasma levels of total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, total cholesterol, triglyceride and the activities of alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase were not affected from the dietary treatments. Coliform bacteria count in ruminal fluid and faeces was decreased with yeast culture supplementation. It is concluded that live yeast culture can be included in male goat diets at the level of 4.5% with positively affecting performance.Öğe Effects of organically-complexed minerals on meat quality in chickens(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2011) Aksu, T.; Aksu, M. I.; Yoruk, M. A.; Karaoglu, M.1. The impact of combined lower concentrations of organically-complexed versus inorganic copper, zinc and manganese on meat quality in chickens was investigated. 2. A total of 200 male broiler chicks (Ross-308), 1-d-old and weighing approximately 40 g, were divided into 4 groups comprising three experimental groups and one control group, with each consisting of 50 chicks. All groups were also divided into 5 subgroups, with each containing 10 broiler chicks. 3. All birds were given a starter diet from d 1 to d 21, and a grower diet from d 22 to d 49. The diets were formulated according to the NRC recommendations. 4. The mineral contents of the control diet were supplied using a standard inorganic mineral premix (containing 8 mg Cu as CuSO4, 40mg Zn as ZnSO4, and 60 mg Mn as MnO, per kg). For the experimental diets, a mineral premix was prepared using organically complexed forms of those minerals at 1/3 (L1), 2/3 (L2) and 3/3 (L3) proportions. 5. After slaughtering and evisceration, the carcases were stored at 3+/-0.5 degrees C for 10-12 h, and then the breast fillets removed from the carcases, and stored in a deep-freezer (-86 degrees C) until analysis (for 30 d). For analyses, the breast muscles were then thawed at 4-6 degrees C for 24 h. 6. The concentration of organically complexed mineral in the diet had no statistically significant effect on pH values of breast fillets. Treatments significantly affected the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) values. 7. Lightness (L* value) of the fillet from broilers fed the diet containing inorganic minerals was significantly lower than that for broilers fed on the diets containing organically complexed minerals. The redness (a* value) and Chroma (C* value) significantly decreased while Hues (H* value) were higher in the fillet from broilers fed organically complexed minerals compared with those fed inorganic minerals. The yellowness (b* value) was not changed by dietary treatment.Öğe The response of broilers to dietary organic acid mixture(Indian Veterinary Journal, 2007) Aksu, T.; Ates, C. T.; Erdogan, Z.; Baytok, E.Organic acids are an alternative to antibiotic to be used exclusively as a growth stimulant and for improvement of the feed conversion rate in farm animals (Esteive et al., 1997). Organic acids reduce production of toxic components by bacteria and change the morphology of the intestinal wall and reduce colonization of pathogens on the intestinal wall, thus preventing damage of the epithelial cells (Langhout, 2000). The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of supplementation of different levels of organic acid mixture on broiler performance, carcass characteristics and meat composition.
