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Öğe Harder bezi’nin yapı ve fonksiyonları(2010) Kozlu, Tolunay; Altunay, HikmetHarder bezi, karada yaşayan omurgalıların pek çoğunda bulunan orbital bir bezdir. Harder bezi ilk defa Johann Jacop Harder tarafından 1694 yılında iki geyik türünde yaptığı bir araştırma ile keşfedilmiştir. Memeli Harder bezi üçüncü göz kapağı ile ilişkili olarak gözün iç açısı içinde yer alır ve sekretorik kanalı ile membrana niktitans’ın yüzeyine açılır. Kanatlılarda bileşik tubuler veya tubuloalveolar tipteki Harder bezi’nin lumenini değişen yükseklikte prizmatik hücrelerin oluşturduğu epitel sınırlandırır. Bezin subepitelyal bölgesinde plazma hücreleri bulunur. Harder bezi sürüngenlerde genellikle göz küresinin mediyaline ya da mediyoventraline yerleşir. Bu bez yılanlarda bilinen tek göz bezidir. Türlere göre Harder bezi’nin morfolojik ve biyokimyasal özellikleri arasındaki farklılık şaşırtıcıdır ve bu farklılığın, adaptasyon ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak şekilde değişen fonksiyonlar nedeniyle oluştuğu düşünülmüştür. Ayrıca son yıllarda bazı araştırmacılar, primatlarda da bezin varlığını ortaya koymuşlardır. Bu derlemenin amacı hayvan türlerine göre değişen ve önemli fonksiyonlara sahip Harder bezi’nin yapısal ve fonksiyonel olarak değerlendirilmesidir.Öğe HISTOLOGIC STRUCTURE OF THE UROPYGIAL GLAND OF THE OSPREY (PANDION HALIAETUS)(Amer Assoc Zoo Veterinarians, 2010) Harem, Ismail S.; Kocak-Harem, Melek; Turan-Kozlu, Tolunay; Akaydin-Bozkurt, Yesim; Karadag-Sari, Ebru; Altunay, HikmetThis study was performed to determine the histologic structure of the uropygial gland in an osprey. The gland was composed of two elongated lobes which were enclosed in a capsule of connective tissue. Each lobe of the gland had a large central cavity with one excretory duct. The secretory tubules consisted of four cell types: basal, intermediate. secretory, and degenerative. The intermediate cells in the osprey were few in number and did not form a layer, while secretory and degenerative cells consist of 2-3 strata, indicating a high level of lipogenesis. The membranes and peripheral cytoplasm of degenerative cells located in the base of the lobes revealed calcium (Ca2+) deposition and an intense acidophilic reaction.Öğe Histological and Histochemical Studies on the Harderian Gland of the Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)(Medwell Online, 2010) Kozlu, Tolunay; Bozkurt, Yesim Akaydin; Altunay, Hikmet; Sari, Ebru KaradagThe aim of the present study was to demonstrate the histological and histochemical structure of the Harderian gland of the osprey. The Harderian gland of the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) is a tubuloalveolar gland. The gland lumen was lined by columnar epithelial cells of varying height which were filled with secretory vesicles and by dark cells found among these cells. It was observed that the secretion was produced in the corpus glandulae and was extracted by primary and secondary ducts. In addition, plasma cells were present in interlobular trabeculae. Histochemical stainings which were performed to determine the character of the glandular secretion revealed that the majority of the secretory cells contained only acidic mucins whilst the remaining secretory cells contained both neutral and acidic mucins. Furthermore, it was observed that some cells of the primary and secondary ducts epithelium had secretory vesicles containing only neutral mucin. The presence of reticulum fibres was demonstrated in the interlobular trabeculae.Öğe Light and Electron Microscopic Studies of the Quail (Coturnix coturnix) Harderian Gland(Medwell Online, 2011) Kozlu, Tolunay; Altunay, HikmetThe aim of this study was to present the light and electron microscopic structure of the Coturnix coturnix harderian gland. The quail harderian gland was a single lobe of glandular tubuloalveolar profiles with columnar epithelial cells of varying heights. The secretory cells contained abundant mitochondria and well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and varying numbers of secretory vesicles in their cytoplasm (type I). These cells exhibited apically located microvilli. The secretion was collected by the ducts of harderian gland which were generally lined by a single layer of epithelium varying from cuboidal to columnar. The mode of secretion of the quail harderian gland was of holocrine and the secretory cells reacted positively with PAS. Myoepithelial cells were present in the basal region of secretory cells. The plasma cells were observed in the subepithelial region of the gland both among the corpus glandulae and in the connective tissue between the ducts. No difference was observed between sexes.Öğe Nasal absorption of metoclopramide from different Carbopol® 981 based formulations(Elsevier, 2006) Tas, Cetin; Ozkan, Cansel Kose; Savaser, Ayhan; Ozkan, Yalcin; Tasdemir, Umut; Altunay, HikmetThere is a need for nasal drug delivery of metoclopramide HCI (MTC) in specific patient populations where the use of commercially available intravenous and oral dosage forms may be inconvenient and/or unfeasible. In this perspective, nasal dosage forms (solution, gel and lyophilized powder) of MTC were prepared by using a mucoadhesive polymer Carbopol 981 (CRB 981). The drug release studies of formulations were performed by using a modified horizontal diffusion chamber with cellulose membrane and excised cattle nasal mucosa as diffusion barriers. After the ex vivo experiments, the morphological appearances of the nasal mucosa were analyzed with the light microscopic studies. In vivo experiments were carried on sheep model. The release of MTC from solution and powder formulations was found higher than gel formulation (p < 0.05) and no severe damage was found on the integrity of nasal mucosa after ex vivo experiments. The penetration enhancing effect of dimethyl-p-cyclodextrin (DM-beta-CD) used in powder formulations was observed in ex vivo and in vivo experiments. In contrast to in vitro and ex vivo experiments the nasal bioavailability of gel formulation was found higher than those of the solution and powder (p < 0.05) and might represent a promising novel tool for the systemic delivery of MTC. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
