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    The impact of economic, social, and political globalization and democracy on life expectancy in low-income countries: are sustainable development goals contradictory?
    (Springer, 2021) Guzel, Arif Eser; Arslan, Unal; Acaravci, Ali
    The 17 Sustainable Development Goals announced by the United Nations are important guides for the development processes of developing countries. However, achieving all of these goals is only possible if the goals are consistent with each other. It has been observed in the literature that possible contradictions between these goals are ignored. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate whether two sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the UN are contradictory or supporting each other in low-income countries. These SDGs are Good Health and Well-Being (SDG3) and Partnerships for the Goals (SDG17). For this purpose, the role of globalization and democracy in life expectancy is empirically investigated in 16 low-income countries over the period 1970-2017. While globalization has been used as an indicator of the partnership between countries, democracy has been used as an indicator of accountability and cooperation between governments and societies. According to estimations of the continuous-updated fully modified (CUP-FM) and bias-adjusted ordinary least squares (BA-OLS), globalization and its subcomponents such as economic, social, and political globalization affect life expectancy positively. Democracy also increases life expectancy in those countries. The GDP per capita is also used as a control variable. Our results show that a higher level of per capita income is positively associated with higher levels of life expectancy. In conclusion, no contradiction was found between SDG3 and SDG17 in those countries. Achieving a healthier society requires economic, social, and political integration between governments and societies.
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    Oil exports and non-oil exports Dutch disease effects in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
    (Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2017) Karamelikli, Huseyin; Akalin, Guray; Arslan, Unal
    Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamic relationship between oil exports, non-oil exports, imports and economic growth in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), covering the period 1972-2013 by using panel data analysis. Design/methodology/approach - The results from the dynamic panel data methods are as follows: there exists the cross-sectional dependence on each variable. According to the cross-sectionally augmented panel unit root tests, all variables are stationary at the first difference. Westerlund and Edgerton (2007) LM Bootstrap cointegration test shows that there is a long-term relationship between variables. Findings - The results obtained by the Common Correlated Effects (CCE) estimator indicate that the increase in oil exports has a positive impact on the GDP of all countries, while the increase in oil exports has a negative impact on the non-oil exports of some countries. Originality/value - In this study, the relationship between oil exports, economic growth, imports and non-oil exports of the 12 OPEC member countries is tested by considering the cross-sectional dependence between 1972 and 2013. In the study, the authors found a positive relationship as a result of researching the impact of oil exports on economic growth in the frame of CCE panel estimations results.
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    On the nexus between exchange rate and income distribution in Turkey: ARDL bound testing analysis
    (Univ Islam Indonesia, 2019) Guzel, Arif Eser; Arslan, Unal
    If we talk about the importance of variables in economic development, income distribution is not the second to economic growth, especially in emerging countries. These emerging countries are generally characterized by the volatility of exchange rates, especially after most of the countries adopted floating exchange rates system. This paper investigates the impact of an increases in dollar value on income distribution using annual data in the period 1990-2016 for Turkey via an ARDL model and bound testing analysis. In constructing the empirical model, it also considers the impact of GDP per capita on the dependent variable. Findings/Originality: The paper finds that an increase in dollar value leads to a more unequal income distribution in Turkey. The dollar holds an important place in Turkey's foreign trade. Therefore, the changes in the value of dollar results in significant welfare effects.
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    THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
    (Inst Eastern European Research & Consulting, 2022) Celikoz, Yildiz Saglam; Yildiz, Tuba; Arslan, Unal; Kirmizioglu, Hale
    Purpose. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between economic globalization and the ecological footprint in countries with different levels of development using a Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) analysis. Methodology / approach. The study covers the years 1970 to 2017 for 65 developed and developing countries. The ecological footprint is the dependent variable in the study's model, and the GDP and KOF Globalization Index (KOF) index are the independent variables. The CADF panel unit root test, which takes into account cross-sectional dependence, was used to choose the appropriate test method for the analysis. Feasible Generalised Least Square and Westerlund ECM panel cointegration analyses were performed for model estimation. Results. Economic globalization and ecological footprint have a considerable relationship, according to the results of FGLS and Westerlund cointegration analysis. Economic globalization has a long-run negative impact on the ecological footprint. Environmental problems are being addressed as a result of more economic globalization, faster technology development, and consequently decreased usage of natural resources. Furthermore, as globalization and communication technologies develop, societies will have more information on the importance of the environment. As a result, they can show more eco-friendly behavior. Originality / scientific novelty. Several studies in the literature include the cointegration relationship between economic globalization and ecological footprint. Although there are few studies on this topic in the literature, one aspect that distinguishes this study is the use of an estimation method that takes into account the cross-sectional dependent, second-generation unit root tests, FGLS cointegration analysis, and Westerlund ECM analysis. Practical value / implications. The importance of the findings is that increased economic globalization has a negative effect on the ecological footprint. As economic globalization increases, so does communication technology, as well as international trade. Individuals become more environmentally conscious as a result of communication, which generally reduces ecological footprint.
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    THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN CAPITAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION: THE CASE OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
    (Inst Eastern European Research & Consulting, 2022) Yildiz, Tuba; Arslan, Unal; Celikoz, Yildiz Saglam
    Purpose. This study aims to examine the relationship between human capital and environmental destruction. Methodology / approach. The analysis includes 56 years between 1961 and 2017 for 14 selected European countries. In the model established for the variables, the ecological footprint is used as the dependent variable, human capital and real national income per capita are used as independent variables. To select the appropriate test method in the analysis, we used the CADF panel unit root test, which considers the cross-sectional dependence. The Pooled Mean Group was used for model estimation. Results. In the study, it is emphasized that human capital has an important contribution to reducing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental pollution. According to the results of the PMG co-integration analysis, the increase in human capital reduces the ecological footprint in European countries. Since the European countries are developed ones, the availability of a good educational infrastructure is an important factor. It increases human capital. In addition, the high level of education and welfare in European countries is effective in increasing the number of environmentally sensitive individuals. This increases the environmental quality and therefore is an important factor in reducing the ecological footprint. Originality / scientific novelty. There are no studies in the literature examining the relationship between human capital and the ecological footprint of European countries. Therefore, this study closes a gap in the literature and takes its originality from the relationship between human capital and ecological footprint in European countries. Practical value / implications. The practical value of the results is that human capital reduces the ecological footprint by protecting natural resources, exhibiting a more environmentally friendly behavior, and realizing production that will minimize the damage to the environment.