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Akabane virus infection in Eastern Mediterranean Region in Turkey: Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as a possible vector
(Springer, 2021) Dagalp, Seval Bilge; Dik, Bilal; Dogan, Firat; Farzani, Touraj Aligholipour; Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Acar, Gulizar; Sahinkesen, Ilker
Akabane virus (AKAV), which causes Akabane disease, is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and mosquitoes. AKAV is an important pathogen that causes abortion and congenital anomalies in ruminants. In this study, we determined the prevalence of AKAV infection and identified possible viral vectors in Turkey's Eastern Mediterranean region. The presence and prevalence of AKAV infection were assessed using serological and virological methods. Serologically, the prevalence of AKAV antibodies in cattle, sheep and goats were 44.74% (400/894), 22.90% (60/262) and 14.52% (63/434), respectively, while the total prevalence was 32.89% (523/1590). AKAV-specific nucleic acid amplicons were obtained by real-time RT-PCR from 1.13% (9/799) and 1.74% (5/288) of the cattle and sheep tested, respectively. No goats were positive for AKAV RNA. Overall, AKAV-specific nucleic acid amplicons were detected in 0.87% (14/1604) of the sampled ruminants. In addition, specimens of the assumed vector, Culicoides, were caught using light traps and identified. Ten Culicoides species were detected in the area, of which Culicoides schultzei complex was the dominant species although 32 specimens could not be identified at the species level. These were defined as Culicoides spp. AKAV nucleic acid was detected in C. schultzei, Culicoides longipennis and Culicoides circumscriptus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated two different AKAV genogroups (genogroups Ib and genogroups II) while potential AKAV vectors in this region are C. schultzei complex, C. longipennis and C. circumscriptus.
Antibody detection against Akabane (AKA) and Bluetongue (BT) viruses in Algerian dromedary camels
(TÜBİTAK, 2020) Saidi, Radhwane; Doğan, Fırat; Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Ergün, Yaşar
In this study, blood samples collected from dromedary camels in the Algerian provinces of Laghouat and Ghardaia, which were kept in the same pastures and in the same herds with sheep and goats, were examined to detect antibodies to the Bluetongue (BT) and Akabane (AKA) viruses using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and serum neutralization tests, respectively. Overall, 16 (14.4%) and 2 (1.8%) of 111 tested camel serum samples were seropositive for the BT virus (BTV) and the AKA virus (AKAV), respectively. The present study determined that BTV infection was prevalent in camels in Algeria, and antibodies to the AKAV were also detected for the first time in Algerian camels.
Atların influenza virus infeksiyonu (At Gribi)
(2009) Ataseven, Veysel Soydal
Atların influenza virusu, duyarlı at populasyonlarındaki solunum sistemi infeksiyonlarının etiyolojisinde önemli rolü olan ve yüksek bulaşma özelliğine sahip viral etkenlerdendir. İnfluenza salgınları, at yetiştiriciliği ve at yarışı endüstrisinde ağır ekonomik kayıplara yol açmaktadır. Bu makale, atların influenza virusunun etiyolojik özellikleri, infeksiyonun epidemiyolojisi, klinik görünümü, immunoloji, patogenez ve patolojisi, tanı, kontrol ve mücadele metotları hakkındaki güncel bilgileri içermektedir.
Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections in Algerian dromedary camels (Camelus dromaderius)
(Springer, 2018) Saidi, Radhwane; Bessas, Amina; Bitam, Idir; Ergun, Yasar; Ataseven, Veysel Soydal
This study was performed to investigate the presence of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections in dromedary camels (Camelus dromaderius) kept in mixed herds with sheep and goats in Algeria, since the prevalence of BHV-1, BVDV, and BLV infections among dromedary camels in Algeria is unknown. Totally, 111 camel sera were collected from two provinces (Laghouat and Ghardaia) in Algeria. The sera were analyzed for BHV-1 specific antibodies, BVDV specific antibodies and BVDV antigen using the ELISA, and BLV nucleic acid using PCR. The seropositivity rate was 9.0% for BVDV-specific antibody, although 41.4% of camels tested were positive for BVDV antigen. Moreover, there was no evidence of BHV-1 and BLV infections. The results indicated that camels might represent an important source for BVDV infection in all ruminants, including cattle, sheep, and goats bred in mixed herds in Algeria, since they had a higher BVDV prevalence rates. Therefore, the prevention and control measures for BVDV infection should put in place in camel populations to limit the spread of BVDV infection to ruminant populations in Algeria.
BVDV, BHV-1 and BLV antibodies in dromedary camels of Turkey kept without and with ruminants
(Springer, 2022) Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Gurel, Kemal; Pestil, Zuleyha; Ambarcioglu, Pinar; Dogan, Firat; Kayhanlar, Mustafa
Camels are the only animals bred to sustain the tradition of wrestling in Turkey and are reared within a limited set of geographic areas. Farmers of such animals may also be engaged in ruminant breeding. The current research was aimed at documenting bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), and bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infections in sera collected from dromedary camels in four different geographical regions of Turkey during the years 2019-2021. All samples were tested for BVDV, BHV-1 and BLV antibodies as well as BVDV antigen by ELISA. Antibodies against BVDV were found in 16.8% of the camel sera tested. However, none of the camels sampled were positive in terms of BHV-1 and BLV antibodies as well as BVDV antigen. The prevalence was observed higher in the herds in which ruminants were raised in addition to camels (OR = 4.583, 95% CI, 1.298-16.182), (p = 0.018), while the prevalence was observed lower in the herds in which only camels were raised. This study showed that BVDV infection was more prevalent than BHV-1 and BLV infections in Turkish dromedary camels. Herewith, the camels, being a susceptible species to numerous viral ruminant diseases, may also serve as an important source of BVDV infection for other ruminant animals in the same flock.
Cell proliferation and apoptosis in canine oral papillomatosis
(Urmia Univ, 2024) Karakurt, Emin; Coskun, Nuvit; Aydin, Ugur; Dag, Serpil; Beytut, Enver; Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Yilmaz, Volkan
This study was aimed at the evaluation of cell proliferation, p53 level and apoptotic index by immunohistochemical methods in canine oral papillomatosis. The study material comprised of tumor tissue samples taken from six dogs being admitted to the Pathology Department of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkiye. Choice of immunohistochemical staining was avidin-biotin peroxidase method. Cases of canine oral papillomatosis, determined to have been caused by canine papillomavirus-1, were found to have a rather high cell proliferation index. Furthermore, all cases were immunohistochemically demonstrated to carry a mutant p53 gene. Despite the mutation of p53 gene, the shift in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio of dogs diagnosed with tumor was in favor of the pro-apoptotic Bax gene. The apoptotic mechanism was determined to occur through both the caspasedependent and caspase-independent pathways. While the lesions occupied the entire oral cavity in some cases, histopathologically, malignant transformation was not detected in any of the six cases.
The detection of feline coronaviruses in blood samples from cats by mRNA RT-PCR
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2007) Can-Sahna, Kezban; Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Pinar, Dilek; Oguzoglu, Tuba Cigdem
In this study, 26 blood samples were collected from 25 healthy cats and one cat with clinical signs suggestive of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), namely, fever, weight loss, enlarged abdomen, and ascites. Blood samples were tested for feline coronavirus (FCoV) messenger RNA (mRNA) by an reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay which has previously been described to have a high specificity in the diagnosis of clinical FlP [Simons AF, Vennema H, Rofina JE, Pol JM, Horzinek MC, Rottier PJM,Egberink HF (2005) A mRNA PCR for the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. Journal of Virological Methods 124, 111-116]. Overall we found 14 (54%) of the cats were positive for FCoV including the cat with clinical disease, but the high rate of positivity among healthy cats suggested a poor specificity for the clinical (diagnosis of FlP among these cats. it was observed that the positivity rate was highest in cats aged between 6 months-1year old. Our findings suggest that FCoVs may be present in the blood samples from healthy cats as well as cats with clinical FIR (c) 2007 ESFM and AAFP. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Determination of presence of equid alpha and gammaherpesvirus infections in foals with respiratory distress
(2018) Dağalp, Seval Bilge; Babaoğlu, Ali Rıza; Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Karapınar, Zeynep; Timurkan, Mehmet Özkan; Doğan, Fırat; Özkul, Aykut; Alkan, Feray
Bu çalışmanın amacı, özel bir pansiyon harasında (geçici konaklama yeri) bulunan taylarda bir solunum sistemi hastalığı salgınında equid herpesvirusların varlığını araştırmak ve equid alpha ve gammaherpesvirusların olası etkileşimlerini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla, solunum sistemi hastalığı bulgulu 28 taydan nazal swap (n=21), lökosit örnekleri (n=28) ve ölen bir taydan alınan doku örnekleri, equid herpesvirus-1, -4, -2 ve -5 yönünden glikoprotein B (gB) genini tespit etmeyi hedefleyen multipleks nested PCR ile test edildi. Örneklenen 29 hayvanın %3.4'ü (1/29), %58.6'sı (17/29), %58.6'sı (17/29) ve %75.9'u (22/29) sırasıyla EHV-1, EHV-4, EHV-2 ve EHV-5 yönünden pozitif olarak bulundu. Özellikle söz konusu viruslar tarafından oluşturulan tekli enfeksiyonlardan çok, EHV-1,-2 ve -5 arasında çoklu enfeksiyonların varlığı (%75.9; 22/29) dikkat çekiciydi. Filogenetik analiz sonuçları yerel equid gammaherpesvirusların, EHV-4 suşlarının aksine genetik olarak büyük farklılık gösterdiğini ortaya koydu
Doğu Akdeniz bölgesinde küçük ruminant lentivirus enfeksiyonlarının serolojik ve moleküler yöntemlerle araştırılması
(2021) Doğan, Fırat; Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Dağalp, Seval Bilge; Ergün, Yaşar
Amaç: Yapılan bu çalışma ile keçi ve koyun işletmelerinden alınan örneklerde küçük ruminant lentivirus enfeksiyonlarının varlığının araştırılması amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada Doğu Akdeniz bölgesinden (Hatay, Kahramanmaraş ve Osmaniye) 2015-2017 yılları arasında toplanan halk elindeki keçi ve koyun işletmelerinden 6 ay ve üzeri yaştaki 260 koyun ve 440 keçi olmak üzere toplam 700 hayvandan alınmış lökosit ve kan serum örnekleri kullanıldı. Küçük ruminant lentivirus varlığının ortaya konulması için serolojik (ELISA) ve moleküler yöntem (PCR) testleri kullanıldı. Bulgular: ELISA ve/veya PCR testleri sonuçlarına göre koyunlarda %9,62 (25/260), keçilerde %9,32 (41/440) ve tüm hayvanlarda %9,43 (66/700) oranında pozitiflik tespit edildi. Ayrıca gag gen bölgesinin kısmi dizin analizi sonucunda hem koyunlarda hem de keçilerde küçük ruminant lentiviruslarının B genotipinin varlığı tespit edildi. Öneri: Sonuç olarak Doğu Akdeniz (Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Osmaniye) bölgesinde küçük ruminant lentiviruslarının yakın geçmişteki bölgedeki durumu ortaya konulmuş oldu. Bu çalışmada küçük ruminant lentivirus enfeksiyonlarının teşhisi ve sürü bazlı tam eradikasyonu için ELISA ve PCR testlerinin birlikte kullanılması gerektiği kanısına varıldı. Ayrıca moleküler çalışmaların arttırılması, farklı gen bölgelerine ve tam genom analizlerine yönelik detaylı araştırmaların da yapılarak farklı alt tiplerin ortaya konulması, böylece ülkede sirküle olan alt tiplerin belirlenmesi önemli olabilecektir.
Equine Influenza Virus Infection (Equine Flu, Pferdegrippe)
(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2009) Ataseven, Veysel Soydal
Equine influenza virus is highly contagious viral agent that causes the respiratory infections of susceptible horse population. Equine influenza outbreaks cause a serious economic impact in horse breeding and racing industry. This article is embraced the recent data about etiological characterization, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, pathogenesis, immunology, rapid diagnostic methods, prevention and control of equine influenza infection.
Felid herpesvirus - 1 infection in Van cats with conjunctivitis
(2014) Karapınar, Zeynep; Dinçer, Ender; Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Karaca, Mehmet
Felid herpes virus -1 ( FeHV-1) kedilerde genellikle nasal akıntı, hapşırma, iştahsızlık, yüksek ateş ve konjunktivit ile seyreden üst solunum sistemi infeksiyonuna neden olur. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de, FeHV-1 ile uyumlu klinik infeksiyon belirtileri gösteren ve yaşları 9 gün ile 1 yıl arasında değişen 20 adet Van kedisinden alınan göz sıvap örnekleri FeHV-1 varlığı yönünden incelendi. Virus tespiti için Polimerize Zincir Reaksiyonu (PZR) yönteminden yararlanıldı. İncelenen kedilerin 9 (45%)’ undan alınan örneklerde FeHV-1 spesifik amplikon (737 bç) tespit edildi. Elde edilen amplikonların sekans analizinde örnekler arasında fark bulunamadı. Sonuç olarak; Van kedisi neslinin korunması için daha etkili tedbirler alınması ile beraber rutin aşılamaların yapılması kanaatine varıldı.
First genetic characterization of equine adenovirus type 1 (EAdV-1) in Turkey
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2012) Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Oguzoglu, Tuba Cigdem; Basaran-Karapinar, Zeynep; Bilge-Dagalp, Seval
Equine adenovirus type 1 (EAdV-1) is a cause of repiratory tract infection in equids. In present study for the first time in Turkey, the prevalence of EAdV-1 in nasal swab samples obtained from horses showing respiratory symptoms was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and molecular characterization of the hexon gene detected in the Turkish (TR) strain was performed. Overall, the prevalence of EAdV-1 was found low (1.4%) as indicated by a positive PCR reaction from the nasal swab extracts tested. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial sequences of the hexon gene of a TR-EAdV-1 strain with those of previously isolated AdVs from different mammals and an EAdV-1 M1 strain showed that the EAdV-1 strains were placed into a unique cluster. Although the TR-EAdV-1 strain was closely related to CAV-1, CAV-2 and bat adenovirus reference strains, larger-scale studies are necessary to better understand the molecular epidemiology and population structure of EAdV-1 in Turkey. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings in different tissues of goats infected with small ruminant lentivirus
(2023) Kanat, Özgür; Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Seçinti, İlke Evrim; İncecik, Veli; Doğan, Fırat
Aim: Small ruminant lentivirus infections has chronic and incurable character that might simultaneously and immunopathogenically affect several major target organs, causing pathological and clinical mastitis, maedi, visna, and arthritis in sheep and goats. This study aimed to reveal the lesions and their cellular distribution in different tissues of histopathologically and immunohistochemically infected goats. Materials and Methods: A total of six goats, known as seropositive, and one aborted fetus, were used for the study. Histopathologic findings and immunohistochemical cellular distributions were determined. Results: Histopathologically, bronchopneumonia and chronic interstitial pneumonia, enteritis, hyaline droplets and hyaline cylinders, hydropic degeneration and necrosis of proximal and distal tubular epithelium in the kidneys, congestion and decrease of lymphoid cells in the spleen, congestion, hyaline degeneration and necrosis in the heart, and hydropic degeneration, necrosis and hepatitis in the liver were observed. Immunohistochemically, positive staining was observed in the epithelium of the bronchi and bronchioles, alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes in the lung, lymphocytes and macrophages in the spleen, crypt, and villous epitelium, lymphocytes and macrophages in the intestine, and Kupffer cells and lymphocytes in the liver. In contrast, no positivity was observed in the kidneys and heart. Conclusion: It is anticipated that the data obtained on small ruminant lentivirus infections will have an important place in goat breeding and will be important for new studies and control programs that may be developed.
The investigation of the presence of bovine herpesvirus type 4 (BoHV-4) in cows with metritis in a dairy herd
(2010) Bilge Dağalp, Seval; Güngör, Elvin; Demir, Ayşe Başak; Muz, Dilek Pınar; Yılmaz, Volkan; Oğuzoğlu, Tuba Çiğdem; Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Alkan, Feray
To investigate the occurrence of bovine herpesvirus type 4 (BoHV-4) infection in a dairy herd including cows with metritis, various methods were used for the diagnosis BoHV-4 in vaginal discharge samples. Blood serum samples were obtained from 368 cows for serodiagnosis of BoHV-4 infection. Of 368 serum samples, 256 (69.6%) were found positive for BoHV- 4 specific antibodies. For the virological study, vaginal discharge samples of 55 cows with metritis were used and tested for BoHV-4 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), virus isolation and immunofluorescence techniques. Twenty-nine percent (16/55) of the vaginal discharge samples obtained from cows with metritis were found positive for BoHV-4 DNA by PCR. In this study, the presence of BoHV-4 was determined in cows with metritis in post-partum period in a dairy herd.
Molecular detection of Papillomavirus and immunohistochemical investigation of p53 gene expressions in bovine papillomas and fibropapillomas
(Springer, 2022) Emin, Karakurt; Nuvit, Coskun; Serpil, Dag; Enver, Beytut; Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Volkan, Yilmaz; Firat, Dogan
Papilloma and fibropapilloma cases are quite common in cattle breeding, which cause economic losses due to decrease in the production of milk, meat, and also impair the quality of hide. In this study, we aimed to determine viral etiology and investigate p53 expression levels with immunohistochemical methods from a total of 30 cases. The study material was collected between 2013 and 2021 in Kars, Turkey. Paraffin embedded tissues were used for earlier cases in which the freshly specimens could not be provided. Cases were investigated for papillomavirus etiology with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using FAP59/FAP64 and MY09/MY11 primer pairs. In 20 of the 30 cases papillomaviruses were identified, and 10 cases were identified as Bovine papillomavirus-1 (BPV-1), 1 case as BPV-2, 1 case as BPV-12, and 1 case as equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EcPV-2) after sequence analysis. p53 immunostaining was also performed, and the cases were graded according to the positively stained cells. In conclusion BPV-12 was detected for the first time in our country, EcPV-2 was detected first time in cattle indicating cross species infection and p53 was staining most evident in BPV-1 and BPV-2 cases and BPV-12 and EcPV-2 was not stained.
Molecular detection of Papillomavirus and immunohistochemical investigation of p53 gene expressions in bovine papillomas and fibropapillomas (vol 204, 278, 2022)
(Springer, 2022) Karakurt, Emin; Coskun, Nuvit; Dag, Serpil; Beytut, Enver; Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Yilmaz, Volkan; Dogan, Firat
[Abstract Not Available]
Molecular identification of bovine papillomaviruses in dairy and beef cattle: first description of Xi- and Epsilonpapillomavirus in Turkey
(2016) Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Kanat, Özgür; Ergün, Yaşar
In the current study, 23 papilloma/tumor-like samples obtained from cattle having clinical lesions and 9 blood samples collected from healthy-appearing cattle in Turkey were examined for bovine papillomavirus (BPV) DNA using the degenerate primers FAP59/64, and the different types of BPV were distinguished by type-specific primer sets. Furthermore, histopathological studies of papillomavirus were performed. A total of 7 BPV types (BPVs 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9), including genera Deltapapillomavirus, Xipapillomavirus,and Epsilonpapillomavirus, were identified. In all samples, BPV-1 was the most common genotype (90.6%). Overall, coinfections were determined in 26 of the examined samples (81.3%), and coinfection with BPV-1/BPV-4/BPV-8 (21.9%) was the most frequently identified using BPV type-specific primers. Moreover, bovine leukemia virus, an oncogenic retrovirus, was detected from three cattle with tumor-like lesions (13.0%), which were also coinfected by different BPV types. Histopathologically, nine papilloma-like lesions were assessed and diagnosed as five fibropapillomas and four papillomas. BPV infection is an important cause of economic losses in the dairy and beef industry. Our study will be highly useful for guiding further large-scale epidemiological studies and providing detailed data on the risk factors associated with BPV infection in cattle populations in Turkey.
Partial sequence of the gB gene of equid herpesvirus type 1 isolates associated with abortion in Turkey
(Ankara Univ Press, 2016) Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Oguzoglu, Tuba Cigdem; Dincer, Ender; Bilge Dagalp, Seval
Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a major agent of large-scale outbreaks of abortion, and these abortions have been described as sporadic or epidemic cases in mares, generally during the last trimester of pregnancy. In this study, the partial characterization based on the glycoprotein B (gB) gene of Turkish (TR) EHV-1 field strains isolated from an abortion outbreak during the 2011 foaling season in Turkey was investigated using a novel designed primer set for EHV-1. The molecular analysis of TR EHV-1 strains showed that genetically identical TR EHV-1 strains were still circulating in Turkey during different years and, these strains were closely related to the European EHV-1 strains. Furthermore, EHV-1 isolated in the present study and to EHV-1 strains published previously in the GenBank database were shown some differences for the aa sequences. This molecular report would be valuable for monitoring of EHV-1 infection in Turkey and determining the gB gene sequence of newly identified EHV-1 field strains from future outbreaks on the pathogenesis and severity of disease.
Porcine circovirus type 2 infection in Turkey
(2011) Karaoğlu, Taner; Oğuzoğlu, Tuba Çiğdem; Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Tan, Mehmet Tolga; Alkan, Feray
Porcine circovirus is the smallest known DNA virus and is identified and characterized by two types: PCV type 1 (PCV 1) and PCV type 2 (PCV 2). Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV 1) was first identified in 1974 and was recognized as a nondisease- causing agent that frequently occured in laboratory tissue cultures. As for PCV 2, it is defined as an antigenically and genomically different PCV which was commonly seen in swine populations and led to clinic disorders at the end of the 1990s. PCV2 infection in pigs can cause a wide variety of clinical signs and syndromes. This study aims to analyze the presence of PCV 2 related to different clinic cases and syndromes found on some pig farms. To this end, 86 nasal swab samples from two different pig farms and 12 lung tissue pieces from wild boars were collected to detect whether PCV 2 was present. In the study, 98 samples were used in total. The one step PCR technique was applied to the samples obtained. The samples were analyzed in terms of PCV presence; 38 of the samples were identified as PCV positive. Thirty-one of the 38 samples which were identified as PCV positive were identified as PCV 2 in the discriminant diagnosis, while 7 were evaluated as PCV 1.
Prevalance of Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus (SBV) infection in sampled ruminants in Turkey's Eastern Mediterranean region between 2015 and 2017
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Dogan, Firat; Dik, Bilal; Bilge-Dagalp, Seval; Farzani, Touraj Aligholipour; Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Acar, Gulizar; Sahinkesen, Ilker
Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus (SBV), first discovered in 2011, belongs to the Orthobunyavirus genus of the Peribunyaviridae family. SBV, which predominantly infects ruminants, can cause severe fetal malformations when pregnant animals are infected during a critical phase of gestation. In this study, 1590 blood serum samples from cattle, sheep, and goats were obtained for serological investigation and 1604 specimens for virological investigation (including 1414 whole blood with EDTA, 165 vaginal swab samples from aborting animals, and tissue samples from 25 dead and/or aborted fetuses) in private and family-type ruminant establishments in Turkey's Eastern Mediterranean region. All the blood serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies using ELISA, which showed SBV antibodies in 29.11% (95% CI: 26.89%-31.35%). The virological samples were tested using real-time RT-PCR for SBV nucleic acid presence, which showed 3.17% (95% CI:2.32%-4.04%) were positive. Finally, 10 different Culicoides species (a total of 29,156 Culicoides, including 16,005 females and 13,151 males) were tested to identify the vectors thought to carry infections in the region. However, no SBV nucleic acid was detected in the Culicoides pools.

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