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    A comparative study on the milk yield and milk composition of two different goat genotypes under the climate of the eastern Mediterranean
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2004) Keskin, M; Avsar, YK; Biçer, O; Güler, MB
    Milk yields and milk compositions of 2 different goat breeds with high milk yields, the Damascus (Shami) goat and the German Fawn x Hair goat crossbred (B-1), were monitored during lactation in order to evaluate their performance under Eastern Mediterranean conditions as an alternative to the Hair goat which has a low milk yield and shorter lactation period. The milk yield was recorded by the ICAR A4 method at 28-day intervals throughout the 240 days of lactation. After weaning on the 60th day of lactation, milk samples were collected at 28-day intervals and were analysed for different milk components. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the milk yields and gross compositions of these 2 goat breeds (P > 0.05). The average milk yield, and total solids, protein, fat, lactose and ash contents were 347.6 +/- 19.05 and 316.8 +/- 35.61 1, 12.2 +/- 0.16 and 12.4 +/- 0.28 (%), 3.5 +/- 0.07 and 3.4 +/- 0.11 (%), 4.3 +/- 0.12 and 4.1 +/- 0.23 (%), 3.6 +/- 0.08 and 4.2 +/- 0.11 (%), and 0.77 +/- 0.02 and 0.72 +/- 0.03 (%), for the Damascus and the crossbred, respectively. It was concluded that the breeding of both the Damascus and the crossbred should be encouraged in the Mediterranean region of Turkey in order to increase goat milk production since both breeds had higher milk yields than that of the Hair goat as reported in the literature.
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    Comparison of the behaviour of Awassi lambs in cafeteria feeding system with single diet feeding system
    (Elsevier, 2004) Keskin, M; Sahin, A; Biçer, O; Gül, S
    This study was carried out to compare behavioural activities of Awassi lambs in cafeteria feeding system with conventional feeding (control) that animals fed concentrate. Sixteen, 3-month-old male lambs were housed individually for 42 days. The main effect was on the feeding systems, cafeteria and control. Cafeteria lambs (n = 8) were offered the main ingredients (barley, cotton seed meal (CSM), wheat bran and alfalfa straw), while control animals (n = 8) were fed a single diet (48% barley, 22% cottonseed meal, 18% wheat bran, 10% alfalfa and 2% vitamin-mineral mixture; having 2467 Kcal ME and 161 g kg(-1)) with the same main ingredients with slightly higher nutrient content for growth. Food and water intakes were recorded daily, while behavioural observations were recorded twice a week for a period of I h at 5 min intervals at 13:00, 16:00, 19:00, 22:00, 01:00, 04:00, 07:00 and 10:00 h after the initiation of daily feeding. After every 5 min, each lamb was monitored to determine its eating, ruminating, drinking, walking, standing, playing, resting and other activities. Cafeteria lambs selected a diet that matched their growth requirement as did control lambs. However, cafeteria lambs ate more (P < 0.01). Cafeteria animals preferred cotton seed meal (42.4%) to barley (32.9%) without changing their water intake, final live weight and daily gain (P > 0.05). Cafeteria lambs also had higher rates of eating (22% versus 19%, P < 0.01), ruminating (24% versus 23%, P > 0.05) and resting (29% versus 23%, P < 0.01) than the control lambs. On the other hand, cafeteria lambs spent less time standing (19% versus 25%, P < 0.01) and walking (1.5% versus 2.1%, P < 0.01) compared with control animals. In conclusion, cafeteria lambs selected a diet that matched their presumed biological (behavioral and nutritional) needs without changing their growth performance. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Diet selection by Awassi lambs fed individually in a cafeteria feeding system
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2003) Sahin, A; Keskin, M; Biçer, O; Gül, S
    This study was designed to monitor Awassi lambs in a cafeteria feeding system with respect to diet selection and growth in comparison to conventional feeding. Sixteen, 3-month-old male lambs were used and kept individually for 70 days. The main effect was the feeding system (cafeteria and control or conventional). Cafeteria lambs (n = 8) were offered the main ingredients (barley, cotton seed meal (CSM), wheat bran and alfalfa straw), while control animals (n = 8) were fed a single diet containing 10.3 MJ ME, 161 g crude protein, 95 g crude fiber kg(-1) with the same ingredients. Cafeteria animals preferred a lower caloric (10.1 MJ ME kg(-1)), but a higher nitrogenous (178 g CP kg(-1)) and fibrous (98 g CIF kg(-1)) diet than control animals (P<0.01). This occurred without a change in food intake, final live weight, daily gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), hot carcass weight or dressing percentage (P>0.05). Cafeteria lambs can eat a maximal amount of 446 g CSM or 560 g barley kg(-1) according to their stage of growth or fattening. Lambs were different with respect to diet selection patterns. In conclusion, lambs can consume a diet matching their presumed nutritional requirements from feed ingredients and determine their priorities for protein and energy in response to growth and fattening without changing their performance in comparison to single-fed lambs. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.