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Öğe Acute effects of recreational soccer on inflammatory response and cardiac and skeletal muscle damage indicators(Univ Press, 2019) Aslant, Alper; Salci, Yasar; Bicer, Bilal; Savas, Nazan; Duran, NizamiIntroduction: Previous studies have indicated that acute bouts of strenuous, long duration exercise induce significant increases in the inflammatory profile and cardiovascular risk markers. Although recreational soccer (RS) is a widespread activity there are no data on this topic. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine RS-induced changes in inflammatory, cardiac, and skeletal muscle damage indicators in young and middle-aged males. Methods: Twelve young and 11 middle-aged males participated in the study. The participants played 6v6 1 h RS, where heart rate (HR) responses and external loads (distance covered, number of accelerations/decelerations) were determined. Blood samples were taken immediately prior to and following the matches, and 2 h, 4 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h later. Results: Absolute HR responses and the number of accelerations and decelerations were higher in young participants than the middle-aged participants (p < 0.05). RS increased high sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) in almost all participants. A total of 83.3% of the young participants exceeded the upper reference limit (URL), whereas none of the middle-aged participants exceeded the URL. Hs-cTnI levels returned to baseline after 24 and 48 h in the middle-aged and young participants, respectively. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and creatine kinase (CK) increased in the middle-aged participants (p < 0.05), and in the young participants, though not significantly (p > 0.05). RS also led to significant increases in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in both groups (p < 0.05). Hs-CRP, CK, and LDH values returned to baseline levels within 48 to 72 h, except for the LDH values of the young participants. Conclusion: RS induced short-term increases in cardiac and skeletal muscle damage markers and the inflammatory profile in young and middle-aged RS participants.Öğe The effect of morphological characteristics on the physical and physiological performance of Turkish soccer referees and assistant referees(E D P Sciences, 2017) Bozdogan, Tuba Kizilet; Kizilet, Ali; Bicer, BilalPhysical fitness and physiological status play an important role in the referees' performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the body structure and morphological characteristics of Turkish Ssccer refereesand assistant referees and to determine the effect of these variables on physical performance. A sample of 158 male referees and 55 asisstant referees (mean age 31.8 +/- 4.2 and 37.4 +/- 3.3 years)was evaluated. Physical assesment were conducted using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIRTL1) and Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) for referees and Active Recovery Intermittent Endurance Test (ARIET) and the RSA for assistant referees. We analyzed heart rate assesments. The measures used to assess morphological characteristics were age, weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat (BF), body mass, and fat free mass.The ANOVA test (Tukey test)was used to determine the result. Correlations between the referees' fitness test performance and their morphological characteristics were examined using Pearson's correlation (p<0.05). To result of this study, point to the existence of a strong correlation between morphological and physical and physiological characteristics. According to the literature, we found that greater BF and a higher BMI may negatively affect areferee's running performance.Öğe Effects of 8-Week Orienteering Training on Physical Fitness Parameters among Adolescents Aged 14-18 Years(Hindawi Ltd, 2022) Turkmen, Ozer; Bicer, BilalThe aim of this study is to examine the effects of 8-week orienteering training on physical fitness parameters in adolescents. To reveal this effect, this experimental study was designed as a pretest-posttest control group model. A total of 41 volunteers (20 females and 21 males) aged 14-18 years were divided into 2 groups: the orienteering training group (OTG) and control group (CG). Health-related and performance-related parameters of the physical fitness of the participants before and after the 8-week orienteering training were evaluated. After eight weeks of training, body weight (BW) increased by 1 kg on average in the OTG, but the body fat percentage (BFP) did not change. This increase could be due to the effect of the orienteering training. The CG, on the contrary, recorded an increase in BFP. Whereas both groups seemed similar in terms of elastic strength, and a significant improvement was found in the OTG in terms of anaerobic power, which considers BW. In terms of balance performance, the OTG showed a significant improvement, while the CG displayed a 97% rate of negative change. The positive increase rate in aerobic capacity was significantly higher in the OTG compared with the CG. Each participant in the OTG covered approximately 2000 meters engaging in parkour in each training session. Thus, the increase in aerobic capacity for the OTG can be explained by the number of 8-week training sessions. Rockport time decreased statistically in the OTG after training, but there was no difference in comparison with the CG. Moreover, similar results were observed in both the groups in body mass index, flexibility, agility, speed, and VO2max values. Overall, orienteering training once a week for eight weeks resulted in positive developments in physical fitness parameters.Öğe Effects of in-water and dryland warm-ups on 50-meter freestyle performance in child swimmer(E D P Sciences, 2017) Kaya, Fatih; Erzeybek, Mustafa Said; Bicer, Bilal; Meral, TuncayIn this study, effectiveness of 3 warm-up (WU) modes on 50m free style on child swimmers has been evaluated. In repeated-measures counterbalanced design, 10 male swimmers of a local sports club (10-12 ages) have tried out 50m freestyle after each WU on different days. Each WU took 15 minutes and the intensity of WU has been checked over by Borg's rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 15-point scale. a) no warm-up (NWU): the swimmers sat or laid down for 15 minutes, b) dryland warm-up (DWU): continuous rope-jumping at RPE 12 for 5 minutes, 2 sets 10x15s calisthenics with 15s breathing spaces and continuous rope jumping at RPE 14 for 5 minutes, c) in-water warm up (SWU): continuous freestyle swimming at RPE 12 for 5 minutes, freestyle swimming with 8x15m maximum performance with 30s breathing spaces and continuous freestyle swimming at RPE 14 for 5 minutes. RPE, stroke count and heart rate (HR) have been evaluated together with the best time in swimming performance. Compared with NWU swimming time post DWU was faster, however the fastest swimming time was achieved post SWU. After NWU swimming RPE was significantly higher. Significant difference could not be found in terms of HR and stroke count. Consequently, SWU is better for swimming performance and DWU can be used when swimming pool is not available.Öğe An Investigation of the Sex Differences in Terms of Internal and External Loads in Orienteering Activities(Mre Press, 2022) Bicer, BilalBackground: Orienteering has been growing in popularity and is considered to meet several of the needs of adolescents. Factors such as the type of terrain and the technical difficulty of the course affect the load in orienteering. In order to plan sports training regimes and recreational activities, it is crucial to know about the internal and external loads of the actions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the sex differences in internal loads (heart rate) and external loads (distance covered at specific speeds) of the activities in orienteering. Methods: This study included 9 women with a mean age of 16.00 +/- 0.83 years and 11 men with a mean age of 15.91 +/- 1.22 years, who were all enrolled in a high school and who participated in school orienteering as a sports activity. The volunteer adolescents participated in the orienteering activity on a large, campus-like terrain that had a topographic map. The orienteering-specific goals were placed in this course at certain distances between them. Team Pro Polar was utilized to determine the participants' internal and external loads. The `Mann-Whitney U' test was utilized for the comparison of the data obtained from the participants in terms of their sexes. Results: The orienteering activity was found to cause a high-level internal load in adolescents, but no statistically significant differences were found between the sexes (p > 0.05). Female course runners were found to cover distance mostly by walking and low-speed running. Men were found to cover longer distances than the women in moderate, high and maximum-speed running. Conclusions: The findings of this study show that orienteering is a physically challenging activity for both male and female adolescents. While the sexes were similar in terms of internal load, men were found to be exposed to a higher load in terms of their external load.Öğe Why Left-handers/footers are overrepresented in some sports?(Montenegrin Sports Acad, 2014) Akpinar, Selcuk; Bicer, BilalLeft-handers/footers are found with disproportionately more frequency in many interactive sports compared to the general population. In iorder to point out this issue, we firstly mentioned about handedness in general and secondly the origin of handedness. Based on the studies in the literature, we then gave examples about the anatomical correlation of handedness. Finally, some explanations were provided to explain the higher rate of lefties in some sports compared to the general population. Regarding the last issue, researchers stated that there are mainly two possible hypotheses to explain this phenomenon; innate superiority and negative frequency hypothesis. Besides those hypotheses, we should also consider that there is a need to have left handed/footed players in some sports to get more tactical advantages. We tried to give some examples regarding those ideas. The studies in the literature state that left handed/ footed players, in fact, have both tactical and perceptual advantages in some interactive sports and thus, overrepresented in those sports compared to the general population.
