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    Comparison of restorative materials and surface alterations after prebiotic and probiotic beverages: A nanoindentation and SEM study
    (Wiley, 2022) Eren, Meltem Mert; Ozan, Gunce; Bilmez, Zuhal Yildirim; Gurcan, Aliye Tugce; Yucel, Yasemin Yucel
    The purpose was to investigate the surface characteristics of various resin-based materials by immersing in probiotic beverages. A total of 420 disc-shaped samples (5 mm x 2 mm) were prepared from resin-based composites. Samples were divided into four groups and immersed for 10 min/day for 1 month in either a probiotic sachet, kefir, kombucha, or artificial saliva (control). Surface roughness was measured at baseline and 1 month. One sample of each of the tested materials was examined under nanoindentation to evaluate the reduced elasticity modulus and nanohardness scores. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to compare surface differences. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA test and the significance was set at p < .05. The lowest roughness scores were observed in Z250, Estelite Bulk Fill, and HRi ENA in most of the test groups. Among conventional composites, Z250 group had the highest nanohardness and elasticity modulus scores. Among bulk-fill composites, Estelite Bulk Fill Flow had the lowest surface roughness after immersion in probiotic beverages and the highest nanohardness values. Reveal HD, as a bulk-fill group showed higher surface roughness and considerably lower nanohardness and elasticity modulus scores. Maximum height levels of samples were recorded. SEM images revealed voids and microcracks on the surfaces of test materials. Dentists may prefer Z250 as microhybrid and Estelite Bulk Fill Flow as bulk-fill composites for the restorations of patients who consume gut-friendly drinks regularly. When there are various types of materials, nanoindentation is a useful method for evaluating surface alterations and sensible comparisons.
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    A Comparison Of Surface Roughness Values of Various Restorative Materials Immersed in Pedodontic Pre- and Probiotics
    (Biointerface Research Applied Chemistry, 2021) Ozan, Gunce; Eren, Meltem Mert; Gurcan, Aliye Tugce; Bilmez, Zuhal Yildirim; Yucel, Yasemin Yucel
    The present in vitro study aims to evaluate pre- and probiotic liquids' effect on surface roughness values of restorative materials after one month of immersion. 360 disc-shaped samples (5mm x 2mm) were prepared from two types of glass-ionomer cements (GIC), a resin-modified GIC, a compomer, three bulk-fill composites, and one microhybrid composite. After the surfaces were polished, samples were divided into three groups (n = 15) and immersed for 10 minutes daily for one month in either a probiotic sachet, kefir (prebiotic), or artificial saliva. After that, the surface roughness values were measured by a profilometer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluations of one sample from tested materials were also added. Statistical data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni-Dunn tests. One of the GIC materials had significantly rougher surfaces in the probiotic sachet, followed by the compomer (p < 0.05). The compomer showed the roughest surfaces after immersion in kefir, followed by the microhybrid composite (Z250). Probiotic sachets formed rougher surfaces than kefir among samples. SEM images revealed the inorganic filler structures and microcracks on the surfaces. A high-viscosity glass-ionomer cement, Equia Fil Forte, and other composite-based materials tested in the present study can be used in pediatric patients who use pre- and probiotic supplements.
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    Effects of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Fear on Oral Health Status
    (Quintessence Publishing Co Inc, 2021) Sari, Aysegul; Bilmez, Zuhal Yildirim
    Purpose: To investigate the effects of COVID-19 fear on oral health status. Materials and Methods: A total of 1227 participants were enrolled in the study. The online survey link was circulated and responses were received. The questionnaire comprised a total of 24 closed-ended questions, which were divided into three sections. The first section focused on demographic information, the second section on the fear of COVID-19, and the third section focused on oral hygiene habits, dental complaints, and tendency to go to the dentist during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Participants who had a higher fear score compared to other respective populations during the corona virus pandemic started brushing more regularly, started to use oral care products more regularly (p = 0.001), and reported increases in: sugary food consumption (p = 0.001), meat consumption (p = 0.017), vegetable consumption (p = 0.019), tooth hypersensitivity, toothache, swelling/abscess on face due to tooth decay (p = 0.001), restoration failures, problems with prostheses (p = 0.007), bleeding and pain in the periodontal tissue, oral malodor, and bruxism (p = 0.001). They also had dental problems but hesitated to visit a dentist, and thought that dental clinics are at risk of COVID-19 contamination (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Fear of COVID-19 was higher in participants who started to pay more attention to their oral hygiene habits, had a change in food consumption frequency and rate, had an increase in oral and dental health complaints, and had dental problems but hesitated to visit a dentist.