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    Effects of Dexamethasone on Bupivacaine-Induced Peripheral Nerve Injection Injury in the Rat Sciatic Model
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2021) Comez, Mehmet Selim; Borazan, Yakup; Ozgur, Tumay; Isler, Cafer Tayer; Cellat, Mustafa; Guvenc, Mehmet; Altug, Muhammed Enes
    Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of perineural dexamethasone against intraneural bupivacaine. Material and Methods Rats were divided into 9 groups with 6 animals in each group; Group 1 (Intraneural saline 600 mu L-2ndday), Group 2 (Intraneural saline 600 mu L-7th day), Group 3 (Intraneural saline 600 mu L + perineural dexamethasone 0.5 mg/kg-2nd day), Group 4 (Intraneural saline 600 mu L + perineural dexamethasone 0.5 mg/kg-7th day), Group 5 (Intraneural bupivacaine 10 mg/kg-2nd day), Group 6 (Intranueral bupivacaine 10 mg/kg-7th day), Group 7 (Intraneural bupivacaine 10 mg/kg + perineurald exam ethasone 0.5 mg/kg-2nd day), Group 8 (Intraneural bupivacaine 10 mg/kg + perineural dexamethasone 0.5 mg/kg-7th day), Group 9 (Control group). At the end of the application period, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were analyzed. Results and Conclusion It was observed that caspase 3 levels significantly increased in the 5th and 6th groups compared to the 1st and 2nd groups (p < 0.01). However, in the 7th and 8th groups, these levels were similar with 1st and 2nd groups. While a significant decrease in S 100 levels was detected in group 6 (p < 0.05), a significant increase occurred in Group 8 and reached the same levels as Group 2. According to histopathological evaluation, edema, vacuolization and myelin degeneration were significantly increased in groups 5 and 6 (p < 0.05). However, in the 8th group, the mentioned data showed a significant decrease and reached the same levels as group 2. As a result, perineural dexamethasone was found to have protective effects against intraneural bupivacaine induced sciatic nerve damage.
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    Protective effect of oleuropein on ketamine-induced cardiotoxicity in rats
    (Springer, 2020) Comez, Mehmet Selim; Cellat, Mustafa; Ozkan, Huseyin; Borazan, Yakup; Aydin, Tuba; Gokcek, Ishak; Turk, Erdinc
    The antioxidant and cardioprotective effects of oleuropein have been reported in several studies; however, its effect on ketamine cardiotoxicity has not been known yet. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of oleuropein in ketamine-induced cardiotoxicity model in rats. A total of 28 male Wistar Albino rats were included in the study and they were randomly divided into four groups, each having seven rats. Group 1 (control): rats were given 1 mL of DMSO by oral gavage method for 7 days. Group 2 (ketamine): on the seventh day of the study, 60 mg/kg ketamine was administered intraperitoneally. Then, 60 mg/kg ketamine was administered intraperitoneally every 10 min for 3 h. Group 3 (oleuropein): rats were given 200 mg/kg/day oleuropein by oral gavage method for 7 days. Group 4 (oleuropein + ketamine): rats were given 1 x 200 mg/kg oleuropein by oral gavage method for 7 days. Furthermore, 60 mg/kg ketamine was administered intraperitoneally on the seventh day of the experiment. Then, 60 mg/kg ketamine was administered intraperitoneally every 10 min for 3 h. Serum cardiac marker (TnI, CK-MB and CK) levels were measured. Histopathological analysis was performed on a portion of the cardiac tissue. Cardiac tissue oxidative stress and antioxidant markers (MDA, GSH, GSH.Px and CAT), TNF-alpha, IL-6, NF-kappa B, COX-2 and Nrf-2 gene expressions, and protein conversion levels of related genes were determined. Data obtained showed that ketamine administration increased MDA (p < 0.001), TNF-alpha (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.01), COX-2 (p < 0.001) and NF-kappa B (p < 0.001) levels, as well as serum TnI (p < 0.001), CK-MB (p < 0.001) and CK (p < 0.01) levels whereas decreased GSH (p < 0.05) and Nrf-2 (p < 0.05) levels, as well as GSH-Px (p < 0.001) and CAT (p < 0.05) enzyme activities. Oleuropein administration was observed to decrease MDA, TNF-alpha, IL-6, COX-2, NF-kappa B, TnI, CK-MB and CK levels close to the control group and to increase GSH levels and GSH-Px and CAT enzyme activities close to the control group. This study showed that oleuropein administration reversed the increased oxidative stress and inflammation as a result of the use of ketamine and had protective effects on the heart.