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    The effects of irrigation and fertilizer applications on yield, pomological characteristics and fruit cracking in Nova mandarin
    (Elsevier, 2014) Odemis, Berkant; Turhan, Senem; Buyuktas, Dursun
    We studied the effects of different levels of fertilizer and irrigation applications on the yield, fruit cracking and pomological characteristics of Nova mandarin (Citrus reticulate). Two fertilizers, F-1 (NPK) and F-2 (NPK+ Ca(NO3)(2)), and five levels of irrigation of 25%(I-1), 50% (I-2), 75% (I-3), 100% (I-4) and 125% (I-5) of measured Class A pan evaporation were examined in our studies. In addition, a non-irrigated treatment receiving only rain was used as control (I-0). The experiment was conducted under Mediterranean conditions for two seasons during 2007-2008. Plants were watered using drip irrigation. The amount of NPK used in fertilizer treatment was 260 kg ha(-1) N, 103 kg ha(-1) P2O5, 173 kg ha(-1) K2O and 13.2g Fe chelate per tree. Results showed that mandarin's seasonal irrigation water requirement varied between 315 and 1015 mm. Both fertilizer and irrigation levels affected the number of cracks on the fruits. The number of fruit cracked in the F-2 application was on average 58% lower than those in the F-1. The number of fruit cracked in I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4, and I-5 irrigation treatments of F-2 application was 74%, 52%, 65%, 51%, and 50% less than those of F-1, respectively. The highest yields were 32 and 30 t ha(-1) for I-3 in both years regardless of fertilizers. Statistically significant differences were obtained among the irrigation levels for fruit weight, height, size, juice content, brix, total soluble solids/acidity ratio, and seed. When other pomological characteristics in F-1 and F-2 treatments were considered the F-2 had higher mean values than those of F1 in terms of fruit weight (15.0%), total, soluble solids (2.8%), total soluble solids/acidity (7.1%), and seed number (21.7%). However, the F-1 application compared to F-2, increased shell-thickness by 8% and juice content by 9%. It is concluded that Nova mandarins can be irrigated as much as 75% of measured Class A pan evaporation to obtain high fruit yield as well as fewer fruits not cracked under Mediterranean conditions. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Temporal variations in water quantity and quality of Orontes River, Turkey
    (Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2007) Odemis, Berkant; Sangun, Mustafa Kemal; Buyuktas, Dursun
    The aim of this study was to determine variations in physical and chemical water quality parameters of the Turkish part of Orontes River, whose basin is shared by Lebanon, Syria and Turkey, between 1984 and 2002. Due to very low amount of surface water in the region, groundwater is densely used for irrigation. In this case, it causes an increase in the salinity in some regions of Amik Plain, Hatay, Turkey. As a result of extensive usage of the river for irrigation in the region, the flow rate has decreased significantly. The most important impairment in flow rate occurred in 2000. The value of EC and pH were found to be relatively low in the year of 1984 and then found to increase in 2002. OM level showed a decreasing trend between the years of 1984 and 1992. The total boron content showed yearly periodic cycles and generally had a decreasing trend. The river has a notably fluctuating flow rate and the amount of water varies seasonally. According to the long-term data, the flow rate was falling to an average value of 3.66 m(3) s(-1) in August. Organic pollutant parameters (TDS, BOD and COD) fluctuated at rainy, transitional and dry seasons. Between 1999 and 2001, TDS and COD values showed an increasing trend, while BOD levels showed a decreasing trend.