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    Changes in soil organic carbon and other physical soil properties along ajacent Mediterranean forest, grassland, and cropland ecosystems
    (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2004) Evrendilek, F; Celik, I; Kilic, S
    Cultivation, overgrazing, and overharvesting are seriously degrading forest and grassland ecosystems in the Taurus Mountains of the southern Mediterranean region of Turkey. This study investigated the effects of changes on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and other physical soil properties over a 12-year period in three adjacent ecosystems in a Mediterranean plateau. The ecosystems were cropland (converted from grasslands in 1990), open forest, and grassland. Soil samples from two depths, 0-10 and 10-20cm, were collected for chemical and physical analyses at each of cropland, open forest, and grassland ecosystems. SOC pools at the 0-20 cm depth of cropland, forest, and grassland ecosystems were estimated at 32,636, 56,480, and 57,317 kg ha(-1), respectively. Conversion of grassland into cropland during the 12-year period increased the bulk density by 10.5% and soil erodibility by 46.2%; it decreased SOM by 48.8%, SOC content by 43%, available water capacity (AWC) by 30.5%, and total porosity by 9.1% for the 0-20 cm soil depth (p < 0.001). The correlation matrix revealed that SOC content was positively correlated with AWC, total porosity, mean weight diameter (MWD), forest, and grassland, and negatively with bulk density, pH, soil erodibility factor, and cropland. The multiple regression (MLR) models indicated that any two of the three ecosystems and one of the two soil depths accounted for 86.5% of variation in mean SOC values ((P<0.001). (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Effects of compost, mycorrhiza, manure and fertilizer on some physical properties of a Chromoxerert soil
    (Elsevier, 2004) Celik, I; Ortas, I; Kilic, S
    Addition of organic materials of various origins to soil has been one of the most common rehabilitation practices to improve soil physical properties. Mycorrhiza has been known to play a significant role in forming stable soil aggregates. In this study. a 5-year field experiment was conducted to explore the role of mycorrhizal inoculation and organic fertilizers on the alteration of physical properties of a semi-arid Mediterranean soil (Entic Chromoxerert, Arik clay-loam soil). From 1995 to 1999. wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), pepper (Capsicum annumn L.), maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat were sequentially planted with one of five fertilizers: (1) control, (2) inorganic (160-26-83 kg N-P-K ha(-1)), (3) compost at 25 t ha(-1), (4) farm manure at 25 t ha(-1) and (5) mycorrhiza-inoculated compost at 10 t ha(-1). Soil physical properties were significantly affected by organic fertilizers. For soil depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm, mean weight diameter (MWD) was highest under the manure treatment while total porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity were highest under the compost treatment. For a soil depth of 0-15 cm, the compost and manure-treated plots significantly decreased soil bulk density and increased soil organic matter concentration compared with other treatments. Compost and manure treatments increased available water content (AWC) of soils by 86 and 56%, respectively. The effect of inorganic fertilizer treatment on most soil physical properties was insignificant (P > 0.05) compared with the control. Mycorrhizal inoculation + compost was more effective in improving soil physical properties than the inorganic treatment. Organic fertilizer sources were shown to have major positive effects on soil physical properties. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.