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    Amotivational syndrome: less known and diagnosed as a clinical
    (Yerkure Tanitim & Yayincilik Hizmetleri A S, 2015) Ari, Mustafa; Sahpolat, Musa; Kokacya, M. Hanifi; Copoglu, U. Sertan
    Amotivational syndrome (AS) is a disorder that includes apathy, callousness and antisocial behavior in chronic cannabis users. Some of these effects may generally be seen in other central nervous system depressants as well. Therefore, to make these effects specific for this syndrome is still debated. AS is usually seen among men during puberty. In different studies, the incidence of AS in regular cannabis users has been reported as between 16 to 21%. Although the causes accused in pathophysiology is still controversial, cannabis is the most commonly accused factor in the etiology. In neurobiology of the disease, noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems containing changes in limbic road have been blamed. The diagnosis is based on subjective complaints, and scored by clinical signs and Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES). There are very few experimental data available in treatment of AS, and clinical experience is very limited. By PubMed searching the keywords of 'amotivational syndrome, cannabis and amotivational syndrome, cannabis and motivation' from 1960 to December 2013, the published studies examining the relationship between marijuana and AS have been reviewed. We have reached 536 articles, of which 76 include direct relationship with AS, by the end of this search. Non-English articles were excluded from the study.
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    Increased oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage in non-remission schizophrenia patients
    (Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2015) Copoglu, U. Sertan; Virit, Osman; Kokacya, M. Hanifi; Orkmez, Mustafa; Bulbul, Feridun; Erbagci, A. Binnur; Semiz, Murat
    Increasing evidence shows that oxidative stress plays a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. But there is not any study which examines the effects of oxidative stress on DNA in schizophrenia patients. Therefore we aimed to assess the oxidative stress levels and oxidative DNA damage in schizophrenia patients with and without symptomatic remission. A total of 64 schizophrenia patients (38 with symptomatic remission and 26 without symptomatic remission) and 80 healthy volunteers were included in the study. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured in plasma. TOS, oxidative stress index (OSI) and 8-OHdG levels were significantly higher in non-remission schizophrenic (Non-R-Sch) patients than in the controls. TOS and OSI levels were significantly higher in remission schizophrenic (R-Sch) patients than in the controls. TAS level were significantly lower and TOS and OSI levels were significantly higher in R-Sch patients than in Non-R-Sch patients. Despite the ongoing oxidative stress in patients with both R-Sch and Non-R-Sch, oxidative DNA damage was higher in only Non-R-Sch patients compared to controls. It is suggested that oxidative stress can cause the disease via DNA damage, and oxidative stress plays a role in schizophrenia through oxidative DNA damage. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.