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    Effects of first permanent molar extracton on space changes observed in the dental arch using data mining method
    (Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2019) Serindere, G.; Bolgul, B.; Parlar, T.; Cosgun, A.
    Aim: The high incidence of caries in first permanent molars (FPMs) makes premature extraction of these teeth common. The extraction of the permanent teeth results in various changes in the dental arch. The aim of this study was to evaluate space closure, the eruption of second permanent molars (SPMs), and changes in dental arch after extraction of the FPMs. Materials and Methods: Eruption of 83 SPMs was recorded and radiographically developmental stage of these SPMs in the pre-extraction panoramic radiograph was assessed. Space was measured between the distal surface of the second premolar and the mesial surface of SPM. Results: Out of 55 patients, 28 (50.9%) were males and 27 (49.1%) were females. Thirty-seven (44.6%) of 83 teeth belonged to category 1, 17 (20.5%) teeth belonged to category 2, and 5 (6.02%) teeth belonged to category 3. Although category 4 was not found, 24 (28.9%) teeth were observed to be in category 5. Out of all SPMs, 10.8% represented the ''ideal'' stage of Demirjian's dental development, stage E. Conclusion: In patients who had the FPMs extracted before the eruption of the SPM, it is important with regards to the patients' comfort and health to review the patient regularly and to determine any need for orthodontic treatment.
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    In vitro investigation of antimicrobial effects, nanohardness, and cytotoxicity of different glass ionomer restorative materials in dentistry
    (Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2019) Cosgun, A.; Bolgul, B.; Duran, N.
    Aims: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects, nanohardness, and cytotoxicity of different glass-ionomer restorative materials in dentistry. Materials and Methods: The following glass-ionomer restorative materials were used in our study: Argion (VOCO, Germany), Zirconomer (Shofu Inc., Japan), EQUIA Forte (GC, Japan), Fuji II LC capsule (GC, Japan), and Fuji IX GP capsule (GC, Japan). For the cytotoxicity test, a cell culture without release liquids was used as the control group. Microdilution and a disk diffusion test were used to measure the antimicrobial activity. The MTT (3- [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to evaluate cytotoxicity. Nanohardness was measured using a nanoindenter device. Results: Our study determined that all restorative materials used in this study inhibited bacterial growth in cultures containing 1 x 10(2) cfu/ml of the bacterial concentrations (Lactobacillus casei and Streptococcus mutans) and that all restorative materials inhibited fungal growth in the cultures containing <1 x 10(2) cfu/ml of the fungal strains (Candida albicans). IC50 values obtained for the cytotoxicity test were analyzed using the Chi-square test. After a 72-h incubation period, Zirconomer, EQUIA Forte, Fuji IX GP capsule, and Fuji II LG capsule showed statistically significant lower cell viability values. (P < 0.05). The Kruskal-Wallis analysis was performed on the values obtained from the nanohardness test; the differences between the groups were found to be significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: All materials tested showed low antimicrobial activity, and the antifungal activity of these materials was found to be lower than their antimicrobial activity. Only Argion showed non-cytotoxic effect. Beginning with the group with the highest nanohardness values and ending with the lowest, the groups are ranked in the following order: Fuji II LC capsule, EQUIA Forte, Argion, Fuji IX GP capsule, and Zirconomer.