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Öğe Attraction of color cups and plant compounds to Thrips species on organic napa cabbage(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007) Demirel, N.The thrips species, Thrips tabaci Lindeman and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pengande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), are the most common pests on agricultural crops in Colorado. The yellow cup baited with crushed freeze-dried canola pod extract caught significantly higher numbers of thrips species than baited with ground mustard seed in the first trial. The blue cup baited with mustard oil caught the highest number of thrips species at second trial. In addition, blue cup baited with canola and mustard oil caught three and four times much higher numbers of thrips species than yellow cup baited with raw canola and mustard oil in third trial. This study also appears to be the first showing that secondary host plant compound can increase captures of thrips species at the organic farm. © 2007 Academic Journals.Öğe Attraction of various sticky color traps to Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Empoasca decipiens Paoli (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in cotton(2008) Demirel, N.; Yildirim, A.E.The onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), leafhoppers, Empoasca decipiens Paoli (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) are significant common pests on cotton crops in Turkey. A two-year study was conducted to evaluate the relative attraction of thrips and leafhopper species to various color traps in the cotton growing areas of Hatay province. In 2006, two trials consisting of yellow, orange, blue, red, white and green color traps were conducted in Kirikhan district. In 2007, the first trial containing blue, orange, red and yellow color traps was conducted in Kirikhan district. The second trial including blue, white, yellow and green color traps was conducted in Reyhanli district. The yellow sticky color traps were significantly attractive for thrips species in 2006, but not in 2007. In 2007, the blue sticky color traps were significantly attractive for species in both trials. On the other hand in the second trial in 2007, the white sticky color traps were significantly attractive for thrips species. The green and red color traps were not attractive for thrips species. The yellow sticky color traps were significantly attractive for leafhoppers species in 2006-2007. The orange sticky color traps were the second attractive for leafhoppers species in 2006 and 2007. The green sticky color traps at the last trial were significantly attractive for leafhoppers species in 2007, while they were not attractive previous three trials. The white, blue and red sticky color traps were not attractive for them in both years. In conclusion, the yellow, blue and white sticky color traps for thrips species and the yellow and orange sticky color traps for leafhoppers species are strongly suggested for monitoring their population densities in cotton crops. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.Öğe Behavior paradigms in the mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann)(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007) Demirel, N.The Medfly, Ceratitis capitata Weidemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the most important fruit fly pests in the world. Several different behavior patterns have been reported including courtship behavior, mating behavior, oviposition behavior, feeding behavior and resting behavior. Courtship behavior described for wild males usually followed a predictable sequence of: male calling ? females approach ? male wing vibrating ? female standing ? male wing fanning ? copulation. In contrast, these transitions were generally absent in the courtship of mass-reared males. Mating behavior can be classified as two different tactics, lekking and fruit guarding by males. Lekking, defined as participating in a male aggregation where at least one male is emitting pheromone from the anal gland. Fruit guarding by males is the alternative-mating tactic in which a male is stationed on a host and accosts females who alight on it to oviposit. In addition, some synthetic compounds, e.g., trimedlure, can affect mating behavior of medfly males. In the ultimate stage of oviposition behavior, the Medfly lays eggs underneath the skin of host fruit. This describes as a blanket term covering pre-and post-oviposition behavior, which may change based on host and host plant variety or the availability of the host plants containing resources such as fruit and protein food stimuli. Feeding behavior of the adult medflies includes acquiring carbohydrates, primarily from feeding on the juices of ripe fruit and honeydew, protein from bird feces and decomposing fruit, whereas the immature stages develop better on diets containing higher concentrations of glucose and sucrose than containing high starch concentration or maltose. Resting behavior patterns differed between males and females, location on the host plant and temperature. Understanding these can be very important to its control on crops. Research concerning Medfly behavior could improve methods to control this important pest. © 2007 Academic Journals.Öğe EFFECTS OF SAGE LEAFHOPPER FEEDING DAMAGE ON HERBAGE COLOUR, ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENT AND COMPOSITIONS OF TURKISH AND GREEK OREGANO(Cambridge Univ Press, 2012) Arslan, M.; Uremis, I.; Demirel, N.Turkish (Origanum onites L.) and Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare L., ssp. hirtum (Link.) Ietswaart) species were investigated to determine herbage colour, essential oil content and composition changes due to sage leafhopper (Eupteryx melissae) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) infestation. Sage leafhopper population on both Turkish and Greek oregano did not significantly vary. The sage leafhopper damage was more severe in the lower part of the canopy than the middle and upper parts. Extensive sage leafhopper feeding dramatically reduced essential oil contents, resulting in 28.8 and 34.8% reductions for Greek and Turkish oregano, respectively. Carvacrol, the major essential oil component of both oregano species, did not remarkably vary between leafhopper infested and non-infested plants. With respect to herbage colour, the brightness, redness and yellowness values were significantly different between infested and non-infested plants. Sage leafhopper damage increased brightness and yellowness but decreased greenness of the oregano herbage. To avoid the feeding damage, it is essential to detect the sage leafhopper problem as early as possible and certain control practices are necessary when the infestation is high.Öğe Evaluation of microbial and repellent insecticides for control of migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius), in Colorado(2006) Demirel, N.; Cranshaw, W.The migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), is one of the most important grasshoppers in western North America rangelands in Fort Collins, CO (USA). The laboratory bioassay trials were conducted to determine the specific effect of microbial insecticides and repellents for control of migratory grasshopper in Fort Collins, Colorado. In an initial trial, both Beauveria bassiana and spinosad treated foliage produced significant mortality to grasshoppers at 120 h post-exposure, with some more rapid mortality within 24 h when spinosad was used at a higher rate. Significant mortality from B. bassiana was first observed after 72 h, with the high rate (1 lb/100 gal concentration). In a second trial treatment with Bioneem, Trilogy (neem oil), and Garlic Barrier were also included all treatments caused significant mortality at 96 h, with significantly most mortality with B. bassiana and spinosad. At 192 h, B. bassiana and spinosad produced 100% mortality. In conclusion, Beauveria bassiana and Spinosad were effective microbial insecticide for reducing population density of migratory grasshopper in both laboratory bioassays trials. In addition, Bioneem had significant repellent effects on migratory grasshoppers. © 2006 Academic Journals Inc.Öğe Evaluation of plant yield responses to artificial infestations of Lygus elisus (Van Duzee) and Nysius raphanus (Howard) on spring canola(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007) Demirel, N.; Cranshaw, W.A two-year study was conducted to evaluate the relationship of plant yield responses to artificial infestations of the Pale Legume Bug (PLB) and False Chinch Bug (FCB) on spring canola in Colorado, USA. Yield losses with both insect species were greater at early flower stages infestations than at early pod stages infestations. A significant yield reductions were caused by 8 PLB/head at early flower stages and 16 PLB/head both stages of IMC204 and 16 PLB/ head at early flower stages of IMC205. Significant yield losses in 2001 were resulted in 40 FCB/head at early pod stages of IMC204. However, yield losses in 2002 were significantly higher at early flower stages than early pod stages. A 20 and 40 FCB/head resulted in 72 and 85% yield losses comparing with 0FCB/head on the cultivar IMC204. In addition, the cultivar IMC205 had 79% yield losses by 40 FCB/head. In conclusion, the spring canola yield responses varied among PLB and FCB/head and their stages. © 2007 Academic Journals.Öğe Evaluation of relative host plant preferences of Western Black Flea Beetle, Phyllotreta pusilla Horn (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), for various canolas and mustards in greenhouse and field in Colorado(2006) Demirel, N.; Cranshaw, W.All trials were conducted in 2000, 2001 and 2002 with different canola (Brassica napus L.) and mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) plants to evaluate the relative host plant preferences of Western Black Flea Beetle (WBFB) Phyllotreta pusilla Horn (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in greenhouse and field conditions in Colorado (USA). The spring mustard (ZEM1) and winter mustard (Debut) were significantly attractive and more susceptible for the WBFB. However, the spring mustard (W1-23) was less susceptibility to WBFB and suggests a possible source of reduced susceptibility in oilseed mustards. Most of currently registered varieties of canola were susceptible to WBFB feeding. The spring canola (CO1) was significantly more attractive and susceptible for the WBFB. In addition, spring canola (Helios) sustained relatively high plant injury with WBFB and plant had low population density and suggesting in tolerance to WBFB injury. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.Öğe Evaluation population density of Tetranychus urticae Koch on cotton fields planted nearby dirt and asphalt roads(2008) Demirel, N.; Çabuk, F.The two spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pests on the cotton crop in Hatay region of Turkey. A two-year study was conducted between 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the population density of TSSM on cotton fields planted by dirt and asphalt roads. In 2006, the cotton plants nearby dirt roads had 1.72, 1.75, 4.04 and 2.65 times higher TSSM population than the cotton plants nearby asphalt roads in the four sampling dates, respectively. In 2007, the cotton plants nearby dirt roads had 5.54 and 10.64 times higher TSSM population than cotton plants nearby asphalt roads in two sampling dates, respectively. Consequently, the population densities of the TSSM were 1.79 and 13.86 times higher on the cotton plants nearby dirt roads than cotton plants nearby asphalt roads in 2006 and 2007, respectively. It is thought, the dusty conditions may bring about increasing population of TSSM on cotton plants. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.Öğe Infochemical pattern for true bugs(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007) Demirel, N.The true bugs are one of the most economically important insect pests in agro ecosystems. Several different pheromones for true bugs have been reported, including sex, attractant, aggregation and alarm pheromones. The term sex pheromone refers to a compound liberated by a female, with the dual purpose of both attracting the male from a distance. Sex pheromone of the hemiptera are largely produced by males. The sex attractant pheromones are typically volatile chemicals produced by either male or female members of species for successful courtship and mating. The aggregations pheromones are produced by either one or both sexes and serve to attract other individuals for feeding, mating and protection. Moreover, the alarm pheromones warn members of a species of impending danger and those are commonly easily disturbed and readily emit their offensive odor. In conclusion, important pheromones of the true bugs can be classified four different categories; sex, attractant, aggregation and alarm pheromones. The knowing them can be important key to monitor time of emergence of pest population, pest density, detection new pest species, decision of successful control program and using them as bait with insecitide trial. © 2007 Academic Journals.Öğe Insecticidal Effects of Some Essential Oils Against the Confused Flour Beetle (Tribolium confusum du Val) (Col.: Tenebrinoidea) in Stored Wheat(Asian Journal Of Chemistry, 2009) Sener, O.; Arslan, M.; Demirel, N.; Uremis, I.The essential oils obtained from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), common thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and oregano (Origanum syriacum L.) have been analyzed by GC and GC-MS and tested for their insecticidal properties against the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in stored wheat. The essential oil composition varied with the species. The main constituent of oregano, common thyme, common sage and rosemary oils were gamma-terpinene, p-cymene, beta-thujone and 1,8-cineole, respectively. Each essential oil was applied at the concentrations of 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 mu L/100 mL jar on the filler paper attached under the surface of the jar cap to determine mortality., Mortality rate of essential oils increased with the increasing concentrations. Of the 4 essential oils screened, 1,8-cineole from rosemary and common sage exhibited the highest activity, followed by beta-thujone from common sage and p-cymene from thyme. Therefore, rosemary essential oil could be recommended as a potential source of environment-friendly botanical insecticide in the control of the confused flour beetle.Öğe Mortality of False Chinch Bug, Nysius raphanus (Howard), to selected insecticides(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007) Demirel, N.In the laboratory bioassays, a two-year study was conducted to evaluate mortality of False Chinch Bug (FCB), Nysius raphanus (Howard) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), to selected insecticides. All treatments caused significantly FCB mortality in both years. In the first year, diazinon and chlorpyrifos were significantly more effective insecticides than other insecticides. A thiamethoxam and spinosad were the least effective insecticides. In the second year, permethrin, thiamethoxam, endosulfan and chlorpyrifos were the most effects insecticides for causing on FCB mortality at 24 h, while an esfenvalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid were less effective insecticides. © 2007 Academic Journals.Öğe Permethrin treatment of pollination bags as a protecting from false chinch bug, Nysius raphanus (Howard) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), injury to canola in Colorado(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2006) Demirel, N.; Cranshaw, W.The false chinch bug (FCB), Nysius raphanus (Howard) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is one of the most important pests on the Brassicaceae plants in Colorado (USA), commonly in large numbers on developing canola, particularly after flowering. Aggregations occur in breeding trials on bags used to control pollination. Sprays of permethrin, but not pyrethrins, applied to the bags significantly reduced numbers of FCB for at least 12 days after application. This reduction resulted in a 25-79% increase in yields compared with untreated bags. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Plant yield response to artificial infestation of the false chinch bug, Nysius raphanus, confined on spring canola(Priel Publ, 2006) Demirel, N.; Cranshaw, W.A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate the relationship of plant yield responses to artificial infestations of the false chinch bug (FCB) Nysius raphanus (Howard) on spring canola in Colorado, USA. Yield losses were greater when infestation occurred at the early flowering stage (EFS) than at the early pod stage (EPS), in both 2001 and 2002. In the first trial in 2001, with infestations of 10, 20 and 40 FCB/head, the respective average yield losses over all cultivars were 43%, 68% and 69%, respectively, compared with the non-infested control at the EFS, but 11%, 26% and 23% at the EPS. In the second trial in 2001, with infestations of 10, 20 and 40 FCB/head, the respective average yield losses over all cultivars were 26%, 58% and 55% at the early EFS, but 35%, 20% and 35% at the EPS. Yield reductions from FCB infestation were lower in 2002 than in 2001. In the first trial in 2002, with infestations of 10, 20 and 40 FCB/head, the respective average yield losses of all cultivars combined were 31%, 51% and 68% at the EFS, and 13%, 32% and 18% at the EPS. However, in the second trial in 2002, with the same numbers of FCB per head, no yield reductions were observed at either EFS or EPS. The number of FCB causing 10% yield loss in the four trials ranged from 6.1 to 39.4 FCB/head (avg. 14.8) following infestation at the EFS and 15.4-109.8 (avg. 41.8) following infestation at the EPS. Cultivar responses to FCB may also influence FCB yield reductions. However, in these studies all eight tested cultivars sustained yield loss in at least one trial at some FCB infestation level. Variation between trials was substantial but a significant level of resistance to FCB injury did not occur among the tested cultivars.Öğe Population trends of two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on cotton nearby soil and asphalt road(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008) Demirel, N.; Çabuk, F.The two spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important pests on cotton crops in Amik plain of Turkey. The sampling were taken from forty-eight an irrigated cotton crop fields to describe affectability of dusty condition for the TSSM' population density. The population densities of two spotted spider mite were 1.72, 1.75, 4.39 and 2.65 times higher on cotton nearby soil road than asphalt road. Therefore, the dusty conditions can bring about increasing population of TSSM on cotton plants. Due to the dusty conditions, their beneficial insects were not affected on their population density. The decreasing of dusty condition can be reduced population density of TSSM and increase affectability of their beneficial insects. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.Öğe Relative attraction of color traps to western black flea beetle, Phyllotreta pusilla horn (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera), on spring canola in Colorado(2006) Demirel, N.; Cranshaw, W.The Western Black Flea Beetle (WBFB), Phyllotreta pusilla Horn (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera), is one of the most significant pests on the spring canola in Colorado (USA). Different color traps were tested to learn of attraction to WBFB. Yellow, neon yellow, neon green and neon orange sticky color traps were the most attractive for WBFB. However, the blue and silver sticky color traps were less attractive to WBFB. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.Öğe Relative effect of color mulches to potato/tomato psyllid, Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc) (Homoptera:Psyllidae), on garden tomato plants(2006) Demirel, N.; Cranshaw, W.A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate relative effect of color mulches to potato/tomato psyllid, Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc.) (Homoptera: Psyllidae), on tomato plant in Fort Collins, Colorado (USA). In the first year, an aluminum mulch and white plastic mulch resulted in significant reduction on potato/tomato psyllids on tomatoes (c.v. 'Celebrity') comparing with the black plastic mulch and untreated check. The white plastic mulches continued to suppress psyllids in the second evaluation. In the second year, an aluminum mulch significantly decreased number of psyllid on tomato plants (c.v. 'Roma') comparing with other treatments (straw, black plastic, bare ground control). In conclusion, the aluminum and white plastic mulch can be used as an alternative cultural control to the chemical control for controlling potato/tomato psyllid in home garden tomato plants in Colorado. © 2006 Academic Journals Inc.Öğe Survey of western black flea beetle, Phyllotreta pusilla Horn (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on cultivated and non-cultivated plants throughout the growing season in Colorado(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006) Demirel, N.A three-year survey was conducted to evaluate population density of Western Black Flea Beetle (WBFB), Phyllotreta pusilla Horn (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and their movement on cultivated crops and non-cultivated habitats throughout the growing season in Colorado (USA). The western black flea beetle was recovered from mid-April to early August during three year sampling periods. Therefore, they have multiple generations in Colorado. The first WBFB populations also appeared winter mustard such as Flixweed, Descurainia spp. and moved to canola from wild mustards to caused significant injury during seeding stages of canola. Knowing the population density of WBFB and their movement outsides of canola crops is important to predict their injury to canola plants and for developing new control strategies. © 2006 Academic Journals Inc.Öğe Surveys of false chinch bug, Nysius raphanus (Howard) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) and their movement on cultivated crops and non-cultivated habitats throughout growing season in Colorado(2006) Demirel, N.; Cranshaw, W.A three-year survey was conducted to evaluate population density of False Chinch Bug (FCB), Nysius raphanus (Howard) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) and their movement on cultivated crops and non-cultivated habitats throughout the growing season in Colorado (USA). The first population of the FCB appeared winter mustard such as Flixweed, Descurainia spp., in Larimer and western weld County in Colorado. Within a wide host range, they moved from alfalfa after cutting to adjacent crops, i.e. canola and caused significant injury during early flower and pod stages. They also moved to canola from wild mustards, flixweed, D. sophia L. and tansy mustard, D. pinnata (Walt.), which were present in both non-cultivated areas and cultivated crops. Furthermore, the dry weather condition might be increased the activity and outbreak of FCB on the cultivated crops and non-cultivated habitats, whereas the heavy rain was decreased the population density of FCB. Knowing the population density of FCB and their movement on cultivated crops and non-cultivated habitats is important to predict their injury to canola plants and for developing new control strategies. © 2006 Academic Journals Inc.Öğe Surveys of Lygus spp. and their movement on cultivated crops and non-cultivated habitats throughout growing season in Colorado(2006) Demirel, N.; Cranshaw, W.A three-year survey was conducted to evaluate population density and movement of Lygus species on cultivated crops and non-cultivated habitats throughout the growing season in Colorado. Three Lygus species, L. elisus, L. hesperus, L. lineolaris, were commonly found in cultivated crops and non-cultivated habitats based on concurrent adult collections in Colorado. Lygus species were found from early April to late in August, having multiple generations in each year in Colorado. Lygus species had wide host range in Colorado. Alfalfa was a significant host plant for Lygus species. However, after cutting alfalfa, Lygus species moved to adjacent crops, i.e. canola and caused significant injury during early flower and pod stages. The wild mustards, flixweed, D. sophia L. and tansy mustard, D. pinnata (Walt.), were significantly important host plants in non-cultivated areas and within cultivated crops. Removing wild mustard in sampling area resulted in the movement of Lygus species to canola crop. In conclusion, it might be important to know population density of Lygus species and their movement on cultivated crops and non-cultivated habitats to predict their injury to canola plants to develop control strategies. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.Öğe Taxonomic studies on Coptosoma (Laporte, 1832) species (Heteroptera: Plataspidae) from Turkey(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007) Do?anlar, M.; Karsavuran, Y.; Demirel, N.Coptosoma (Laporte,1832) (Heteroptera: Plataspidae) species of Turkey were studied and their morphological characters were reviewed. The species of Coptosoma living in Turkey are: C. maurum seidenstuckeri Davidova-Vilimova and Štys, 1980, C. oenderi n.sp., C. putoni Montandon, 1898, C. costale Stål, 1876, C. mucronatum Seidenstücker, 1963, C. scutellatum (Geoffroy), 1785), C. lodosi n.sp. Two Indian species, C. indicum (Distant 1892) and C. noualhieri Montandon 1896 were described in new concepts. The variations on some characters between specimens from Turkey and the other sides were discussed and the new species, C. oenderi and C. lodosi, were described and their diagnostic characters were illustrated. © 2007 Academic Journals Inc.
