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    Akabane virus infection in Eastern Mediterranean Region in Turkey: Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as a possible vector
    (Springer, 2021) Dagalp, Seval Bilge; Dik, Bilal; Dogan, Firat; Farzani, Touraj Aligholipour; Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Acar, Gulizar; Sahinkesen, Ilker
    Akabane virus (AKAV), which causes Akabane disease, is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and mosquitoes. AKAV is an important pathogen that causes abortion and congenital anomalies in ruminants. In this study, we determined the prevalence of AKAV infection and identified possible viral vectors in Turkey's Eastern Mediterranean region. The presence and prevalence of AKAV infection were assessed using serological and virological methods. Serologically, the prevalence of AKAV antibodies in cattle, sheep and goats were 44.74% (400/894), 22.90% (60/262) and 14.52% (63/434), respectively, while the total prevalence was 32.89% (523/1590). AKAV-specific nucleic acid amplicons were obtained by real-time RT-PCR from 1.13% (9/799) and 1.74% (5/288) of the cattle and sheep tested, respectively. No goats were positive for AKAV RNA. Overall, AKAV-specific nucleic acid amplicons were detected in 0.87% (14/1604) of the sampled ruminants. In addition, specimens of the assumed vector, Culicoides, were caught using light traps and identified. Ten Culicoides species were detected in the area, of which Culicoides schultzei complex was the dominant species although 32 specimens could not be identified at the species level. These were defined as Culicoides spp. AKAV nucleic acid was detected in C. schultzei, Culicoides longipennis and Culicoides circumscriptus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated two different AKAV genogroups (genogroups Ib and genogroups II) while potential AKAV vectors in this region are C. schultzei complex, C. longipennis and C. circumscriptus.
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    Chewing Lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) Detected in Wild Birds in Hatay, Tiirkiye, a New Record of the Colpocephalum ecaudati Price and Beer from Black Kite (Milvus migrans)
    (Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2024) Zerek, Aykut; Erdem, Ipek; Yaman, Mehmet; Altug, Muhammed Enes; Dik, Bilal
    This study was carried out to determine chewing lice species of the wild birds, which were brought to the Veterinary Health, Practice and Research Center and Wild Animal Rescue and Rehabilitation Center of Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, between May 2018 -August 2022. For this purpose, 75 wild birds injured or sick, which needed medical treatment when they arrived at the hospital, were examined for chewing lice. A total of 356 lice specimens were collected, representing 148 males, 157 females and 51 nymphs. The majority of the bird lice collected (317 out of 356) belonged to Amlyceran suborder, while a small number of them (39 out of 356) were obtained in the Ischnoceran suborder. Piagetiella titan (47.8%) detected in Pelecanus onocrotalus was the most common louse species. This was followed by Laemobothrion maximum (16.0%) detected in Clanga pomarina, Buteo rufinus, Circaetus gallicus. Ciconiphilus quadripustulatus (16.0%), Neophilopterus incompletus (10.4%) and Colpocephalum zebra (7.3%) species were detected in Ciconia ciconia. Other species (Colpocephalum ecaudati, Colpocephalum nanum, Pectinopygus forficulatus) were in small numbers (2.5%). Colpocephalum ecaudati found on black kite (Milvus migrans) was reported for the first time in Tiirkiye. The results of this study contributed to the lice fauna obtained from wild birds in Tiirkiye.
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    Culicoides species (Latreille, 1809) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Hatay Province
    (Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2010) Dik, Bilal; Yaman, Mehmet; Uslu, Ugur
    This study was carried out to determine of Culicoides species in Hatay province (Antakya, Reyhanli, Hassa, Samandag and Kirikhan districts) between April 2005 and October 2006. The light traps were used for the collection of Culicoides samples. They were placed in or nearby sheep or cattle pens at the sunset and was kept for about two-three hours. A total of 520 Culicoides specimens were collected and 15 species were identified follow as: C. badooshensis Khalaf. C. cataneii Clastrier. C. circumscriptus Kieffer. C. dzhafarovi Remm. C. festivipennis Kieffer. C. gejgelensis Dzhafarov. C. imicola Kieffer. C. nubeculosus (Meigen), C. odiatus Austen, C. picturatus Kremer and Deduit, C. puncticoffis (Becker), C. riethi Kieffer. C. sahariensis Kieffer. C. schultzei kompleks (Enderlein). C. shaklawensis Khalaf. While Culicoides circumscriptus and C. schultzei kompleks were dominant species, two specimens of C.f estivipennis. C. odiatus. C. picturatus. C. riethi and C. shaklawensis only one specimen of C. dzhafarovi were obtained.
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    Detection of genotype 1 bovine leukemia virus from a C.schultzei pool: Do Culicoides spp. have a role on the transmission of bovine leukemia virus?
    (Elsevier, 2020) Dogan, Firat; Dagalp, Seval Bilge; Dik, Bilal; Farzani, Touraj Aligholipour; Alkan, Feray
    Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is known as the etiological agent of Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. While the major route of virus transmission is believed to be iatrogenic, BLV proviral DNA has been identified in biological materials, including nasal secretions, saliva, milk, colostrum, and semen, and in several insect species, including horses flies. However, insects' role in the natural transmission of BLV has not been clearly demonstrated. This study assessed the possible role of midges - Culicoides spp. - in BLV transmission. BLVs were genetically characterized and BLV infection seroprevelance was determined in 224 cattle sampled from 27 different small family herds in five different districts in Hatay province, southern Turkey. Out of the 25 Culicoides spp. pools, one (4.0%; 1/25) was a C.schultzei pool while 2.67% (6/224) of the sampled cattle were positive for BLV nucleic acid. The seroprevalance rates for the sampled herds and all sampled cattle were 7.40% (2/27) and 1.33% (3/224), respectively. According to the phylogenetic analysis, the sequences of the BLVs from the cattle (n = 6) and the one BLV-positive C.schultzei pool clustered on genotype 1 (G1) BLVs. Although these results do not reveal the exact role of Culicoides spp. or other midges flies in BLV transmission, the simultaneous presence of same substitions in BLVs from both cattle and a C.schultzei pool is noteworthy. Further studies on the env gene and other BLV gene regions detected from cattle and C.schultzei pools are ongoing to understand the possible epidemiological relationship between cattle and flies.
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    The first case of Bovicola (Werneckiella) ocellatus (Piaget, 1880) (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Trichodectidae) on a donkey (Equus asinus Linnaeus, 1758) in Turkey
    (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020) Dik, Bilal; Erdem, İpek; Zerek, Aykut; Karagöz, Mustafa; Yaman, Mehmet
    Abstract: In the clinical examination of a donkey, which brought to the Ownerless Animal Care and Rehabilitation Center of the Hatay Metropolitan Municipality due to neglecting and senility, local hair losses, ruffling and opacity were observed. A few louse specimens were detected on the hair shafts on the back of the donkey during the macroscopic examination. They were collected with a forceps, and preserved in a tube with alcohol 70%. Then they examined in detail in microscope, and identified as Bovicola ocellatus (Piaget, 1880). The presence of B. ocellatus on donkey has been reported for the first time in Turkey in this paper.
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    The First Case of Menacanthus pallidulus (Neumann, 1912) (Phthiraptera: Amblycera: Menoponidae) on A Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) in Türkiye
    (2024) Şimşek, Fatma Nuray; Erdem, İpek; Zerek, Aykut; Dik, Bilal; Yaman, Mehmet
    This case report was prepared to provide information about Menacanthus pallidulus (Neumann, 1912), which was detected for the first time on a domestic chicken in Hatay province of Türkiye. Louse specimens collected from a chicken by a student were brought to Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, and sent to Selçuk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, for identification of species and microscopic examination revealed the presence of Menacanthus pallidulus (Neumann, 1912). Thus, with this study, the presence of M. pallidulus on domestic chickens was recorded for the first time in Türkiye.; Bu olgu sunumu, Türkiye’nin Hatay ilinde, evcil bir tavukta ilk kez tespit edilen Menacanthus pallidulus (Neumann, 1912) hakkında bilgi vermek için hazırlanmıştır. Bir öğrenci tarafından tavuktan toplanan bit örnekleri Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı’na getirilmiş, tür teşhisi için Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı’na gönderilen örneklerin mikroskobik inceleme sonucu Menacanthus pallidulus (Neumann, 1912) olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Böylece bu çalışma ile evcil tavukta saptanan M. pallidulus’un, Türkiye’deki varlığı ilk kez kaydedilmiştir.
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    Prevalance of Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus (SBV) infection in sampled ruminants in Turkey's Eastern Mediterranean region between 2015 and 2017
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Dogan, Firat; Dik, Bilal; Bilge-Dagalp, Seval; Farzani, Touraj Aligholipour; Ataseven, Veysel Soydal; Acar, Gulizar; Sahinkesen, Ilker
    Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus (SBV), first discovered in 2011, belongs to the Orthobunyavirus genus of the Peribunyaviridae family. SBV, which predominantly infects ruminants, can cause severe fetal malformations when pregnant animals are infected during a critical phase of gestation. In this study, 1590 blood serum samples from cattle, sheep, and goats were obtained for serological investigation and 1604 specimens for virological investigation (including 1414 whole blood with EDTA, 165 vaginal swab samples from aborting animals, and tissue samples from 25 dead and/or aborted fetuses) in private and family-type ruminant establishments in Turkey's Eastern Mediterranean region. All the blood serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies using ELISA, which showed SBV antibodies in 29.11% (95% CI: 26.89%-31.35%). The virological samples were tested using real-time RT-PCR for SBV nucleic acid presence, which showed 3.17% (95% CI:2.32%-4.04%) were positive. Finally, 10 different Culicoides species (a total of 29,156 Culicoides, including 16,005 females and 13,151 males) were tested to identify the vectors thought to carry infections in the region. However, no SBV nucleic acid was detected in the Culicoides pools.