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Öğe Acute oxidant and inflammatory effects of imidacloprid on the mammalian central nervous system and liver in rats(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2010) Duzguner, Vesile; Erdogan, SuatImidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide and has been extensively used as a crop pest and pet flea control programme because it's high specificity as an insecticide Imidacloprid toxicity on mammalian tissues has not been adequately evaluated In the present study, potential acute neuro and liver toxic effects of imidacloprid were analyzed in rats as a model of mammalian using antioxidant-oxidant and inflammatory system 10 mu M imidacloprid was administrated intravenously and 2 h post-administration, the rats were sacrificed, liver and brains were surgically removed Exposure to imidacloprid led to significant increases in nitric oxide concentrations in brain, liver and plasma samples The quantitative mRNA transcriptional analyses demonstrated that imidacloprid-elevated production of NO levels due to the induction of NOS in liver, but neither nNOS nor iNOS were induced in brain The oxidant-generating enzymes xanthine oxidase and myeloperoxidase activities in both tissues were elevated and significant lipid peroxidation in liver and plasma was observed The antioxidant catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were differently responded to imidacloprid administration Significant intracellular glutathione depletion was also measured in both tissues Imidacloprid treatment up-regulated inflammatory cytokmes TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1 beta mRNA transcriptions by 2 5- to 5 2-fold increases in both brain and liver Conversely, anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10 mRNA was down-regulated in both organs These results suggest that imidacloprid cause oxidative stress and inflammation in central nervous system and liver in non-target organisms in rats (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc All rights reservedÖğe Antioxidant effects of oleuropein on hydrogen peroxide-induced neuronal stress-an in vitro study(Bentham Science Publishers, 2020) Kucukgul, Altug; Isgor, Mehmet M.; Duzguner, Vesile; Atabay, Meryem N.; Kucukgul, AzimeBackground: Persistent oxidative stress can lead to chronic inflammation and mediate most chronic diseases including neurological disorders. Oleuropein has been shown to be a potent antioxidant molecule in olive oil leaf having antioxidative properties. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of oleuropein against oxidative stress in human glioblastoma cells. Methods: Human glioblastoma cells (U87) were pretreated with oleuropein (OP) essential oil 10 µM. After 30 minutes, 100 µM H2 O2 was added to the cells for three hours. Cell survival was quantified by colorimetric MTT assay. Glutathione level, total oxidant capacity, total antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide levels were determined by using specific spectrophotometric methods. The relative gene expression level of iNOS was performed by qRT-PCR method. Results: According to viability results, the effective concentration of H2 O2 (100µM) significantly decreased cell viability and oleuropein pretreatment significantly prevented the cell losses. Oleuropein regenerated total antioxidant capacity and glutathione levels decreased by H2 O2 exposure. In addition, nitric oxide and total oxidant capacity levels were also decreased after administration of oleuropein in treated cells. Conclusion: Oleuropein was found to have potent antioxidative properties in human glioblastoma cells. However, further studies and validations are needed in order to understand the exact neuroprotective mechanism of oleuropein. © 2020 Bentham Science Publishers.Öğe Changes of oxidative stress in 3D film to be prepared for echocardiography A randomized controlled study(Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2024) Demir, Emel; Duzguner, Vesile; Yilmaz, Nuh; Yengil, ErhanBackground: Echocardiography (ECHO) is a nonprocedure that causes acute stress in children. Fear, anxiety, and fluctuations in children’s blood pressure and heart rate can potentially lead to alterations in echocardiographic measurements. The insufficient research on virtual reality pediatric preparation applications, particularly in the context of echocardiographic procedures, underscores the necessity for additional studies focusing on pediatric patients. This study sought to assess the impact of virtual reality applications tailored explicitly for ECHO on children’s oxidative stress levels. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, controlled experimental study. Forty-eight children (experimental/24, control/24) aged 7 to 12 years who had an ECHO appointment in the pediatric cardiology outpatient clinic in the 3 months from June to August 2019 participated in the study. Participants whose blood analyses showed hemolysis were eliminated, and the study was completed with 37 children in total: 16 children in the experiment and 21 children in the control. Post hoc power analysis was performed for sample adequacy, and the power of the study was found to be 0.99. A 3D film was prepared for the research and applied to the experimental group before the procedure. All children’s oxidative stress levels (cortisol, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide) and glutathione levels were checked after ECHO. Results: The stress hormone cortisol and malondialdehyde levels were lower in the 3D-applied experimental group than in the control group. As another crucial anti-stress antioxidant factor, glutathione level increased in the experimental group compared to the control group (P < .05). Conclusion: The research revealed that the 3D film used to prepare ECHO reduces the stress parameters associated with heart risk and may affect the ECHO measurements. At the same time, the study also proved the positive effect of 3D film preparation by increasing the anti-stress factor. Copyright © 2024 the Author(s).Öğe Chronic exposure to imidacloprid induces inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver & central nervous system of rats(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2012) Duzguner, Vesile; Erdogan, SuatImidacloprid is the most important example of the neonicotinoid insecticides known to target the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in insects, and potentially in mammals. In the present study, oxidant and inflammatory responses to chronic exposure of imidacloprid was studied in rats. Wistar rats were randomly allocated into two groups as control and imidacloprid-exposed group (n = 10 rat/each group). 1 mg/kg/BW/day imidacloprid was administrated orally by gavage for 30 days. After exposure, rats were euthanized and liver and brain samples were surgically removed for analyses. Imidacloprid application caused a significant increase in nitric oxide production in brain (p < 0.05) and liver (p < 0.001). The quantitative analyses of mRNA confirmed the finding that imidacloprid induced the mRNA transcriptions of the three isoforms of nitric oxide synthases (iNOS, eNOS, nNOS) in brain and two isoforms (iNOS, eNOS) in the liver. Exposure to imidacloprid caused significant lipid peroxidation in plasma, brain (p < 0.001) and liver (p < 0.003). While the superoxide-generating enzyme xanthine oxidase activity was elevated in both tissues (p < 0.001), myeloperoxidase activity was increased only in the liver (p < 0.001). Antioxidant enzyme activities showed various alterations following exposure, but a significantly depleted antioxidant glutathione level was detected in brain (p < 0.008). Evidence of chronic inflammation by imidacloprid was observed as induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-12 and IFN-gamma in the liver and brain. In conclusion, chronic imidacloprid exposure causes oxidative stress and inflammation by altering antioxidant systems and inducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the liver and central nervous system of non-target organisms. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Cisplatin reduces Brucella melitensis-infected cell number by inducing apoptosis, oxidant and pro-inflammatory cytokine production(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2010) Erdogan, Suat; Tosyali, Eda; Duzguner, Vesile; Kucukgul, Altug; Aslantas, Ozkan; Celik, SefaBrucella species are able to survive and replicate within the phagocytic cells and cause chronic infections in domestic animals and humans. Modulation of programmed cell death by Brucella spp. may be one of the reasons of the chronicity of the infection. In this study, whether cisplatin treatment, an apoptotic anticancer agent, would enhance the host resistance against Brucella melitensis-infected human macrophage-like cells was investigated. The infection neither induced inflammation nor oxidative stress. But, Brucella caused a decrease in infected macrophage viability of 36% at 48 h postinfection (p.i.) as compared with uninfected cells. Treatment of infected macrophages with 20 mu M cisplatin for 48 h caused a large increase in nitric oxide (NO) levels in a time-dependent manner via induction of iNOS transcription. Cisplatin also enhanced glutathione peroxidase, myeloperoxidase and xanthine oxidase activities, providing evidence of generation of reactive free radicals. N-acetylcysteine was able to decrease cisplatin-induced NO, and prevented the agent-induced apoptosis, similar to effects found in L-NAME (N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) treatment. Cisplatin stimulated inflammation through the induction of TNF-alpha and IL-12 secretion, and down-regulated Brucella-stimulated IL-10 transcription. The number of infected cells and their viability were decreased by 80% at 48 h p.i. by cisplatin in comparison with infected cells. Similar to this result, cisplatin treatment resulted in reduced intracellular CFU of B. melitensis being reduced by 80% at 48 h p.i. These findings demonstrate that pharmacological agents such as cisplatin may be considered to influence immune responses and apoptosis to help decrease Brucella-infected cell number. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe EFFECT OF GARLIC POWDER ON EGG YOLK AND SERUM CHOLESTEROL AND PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS(Natl Veterinary Research Inst, 2009) Canogullari, Sibel; Karaman, Mesut; Erdogan, Zeynep; Baylan, Mikail; Kucukgul, Altug; Duzguner, Vesile; Ozugur, Ali KemaliThe potential influence of dietary garlic powder on egg yolk and serum cholesterol concentrations, overall performance, and egg traits in laying hens was evaluated. One hundred and forty, 50-week-old, Hy-line white layers were allocated to four dietary groups. Each group comprised seven replicates of five layers in groups of four. The diets were supplemented with 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, and 2% garlic powder for 12 weeks. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences among the groups in feed consumption and feed efficiency. Egg production increased in the 0.5 and 1% garlic powder supplemented groups compared with the control group and in the 2% garlic powder supplemented group (P<0.05). The supplementation of garlic powder had no significant effects (P>0.05) on egg yolk index and egg yolk weight. However, there were significant differences (P<0.05) in the egg albumen index, egg shell index, and egg Haugh unit. The egg yolk cholesterol concentration decreased (P<0.05) with the addition of garlic powder. Plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations also decreased linearly (P<0.05), with increasing levels of dietary garlic powder. Plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations dropped by 14.45%, 21.76%, and 33.24% in the 0.5%, 1%, and 2%,garlic powder supplemented groups, respectively. Plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were not influenced by dietary garlic powder. The results of this study demonstrate that garlic powder addition decreased egg yolk cholesterol and plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations.Öğe Effect of garlic powder on egg yolk and serum cholesterol and performance of laying hens(2009) Canogullari, Sibel; Karaman, Mesut; Erdogan, Zeynep; Baylan, Mikail; Kucukgul, Altug; Duzguner, Vesile; Ozugur, Ali KemaliThe potential influence of dietary garlic powder on egg yolk and serum cholesterol concentrations, overall performance, and egg traits in laying hens was evaluated. One hundred and forty, 50-week-old, Hy-line white layers were allocated to four dietary groups. Each group comprised seven replicates of five layers in groups of four. The diets were supplemented with 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, and 2% garlic powder for 12 weeks. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences among the groups in feed consumption and feed efficiency. Egg production increased in the 0.5 and 1% garlic powder supplemented groups compared with the control group and in the 2% garlic powder supplemented group (P<0.05). The supplementation of garlic powder had no significant effects (P>0.05) on egg yolk index and egg yolk weight. However, there were significant differences (P<0.05) in the egg albumen index, egg shell index, and egg Haugh unit. The egg yolk cholesterol concentration decreased (P<0.05) with the addition of garlic powder. Plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations also decreased linearly (P<0.05), with increasing levels of dietary garlic powder. Plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations dropped by 14.45%, 21.76%, and 33.24% in the 0.5%, 1%, and 2% garlic powder supplemented groups, respectively. Plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were not influenced by dietary garlic powder. The results of this study demonstrate that garlic powder addition decreased egg yolk cholesterol and plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations.Öğe Effect of lycopene administration on plasma glucose, oxidative stress and body weight in streptozotocin diabetic rats(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2008) Duzguner, Vesile; Kucukgul, Altug; Erdogan, Suat; Colik, Sefa; Sahin, KazimTo evaluate the role of lycopene, a carotenoid antioxidant, on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, 12 female rats received a single intraperitonial injection of STZ at a dose of 45 mg/kg body weight of which 6 were given 10 mg/kg lycopene orally (test group) once daily for 21 days. The administration of STZ caused a significant increase in plasma glucose and decrease in body weight. The supplementation of lycopene significantly reduced diabetic plasma glucose level by 25% and prevented body weight loss starting from 14(th) day of lycopene administration. Although tissue lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide (NO) levels were unchanged, lycopene administration significantly reduced diabetes-elevated lipid peroxidation and NO in plasma. It was concluded that lycopene supplementation may be valuable for correcting hyperglycemia and preventing diabetic complications caused by lipid peroxidation and free radicals.Öğe Effect of Seed Powder of a Herbal Legume Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.) on Growth Performance, Body Components, Digestive Parts, and Blood Parameters of Broiler Chicks(Zoological Soc Pakistan, 2013) Duru, Metin; Erdogan, Zeynep; Duru, Asuman; Kucukgul, Altug; Duzguner, Vesile; Kaya, D. Alpaslan; Sahin, AhmetThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary Trigonella foenum-graceum L. seed powder (TFGSP) on growth performance, blood glucose, protein and lipid profile of broilers (Ross-308). One hundred ninety two, 1-d old mixed sex broiler chicks were allocated to 5 dietary treatments in which 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 g TFGSP doses per kg commercial broiler diet were added for a period of 42 days. The results showed that body weight and the breast weight decreased after TFGSP treatment compared to control (P<0.05). Feed intake decreased after 5 g TFGSP treatment while 40 g TFGSP treatment decreased feed efficiency and leg weight compared to control (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in weights of digestive system parts, except duodenum weight and lipid oxidation between control and treatment groups. A 20 g TFGSP treatment enhanced blood glucose level (P<0.01), but decreased triglyceride level (P<0.01) compared to control. At 40 g TFGSP the blood cholesterol decreased (P<0.05) but LDL level increased compared to control (P<0.01). In conclusion, TFGSP addition to broiler diet decreased appetite and, consequently, reduced growth performance, more likely, attributting to the enhanced blood glucose level.Öğe Effect of zinc on the lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defense systems of the alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits(Elsevier Science Inc, 2007) Duzguner, Vesile; Kaya, SuleThe effects of oral zinc supplementation on lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defense system of alloxan (80-90 mg/kg)-induced diabetic rabbits were examined. Forty-five New Zealand male rabbits, 1 year old, weighing approximately 2.5 kg, were allocated randomly and equally as control, diabetic, and zinc-supplemented diabetic groups. After diabetes was induced, zinc-supplemented diabetic rabbits had 150 mg/L of zinc as zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) in their drinking tap water for 3 months. The feed and water consumption was higher in diabetic groups than (P < 0.01) healthy rabbits. The body weight was lower in diabetic rabbits compared to control. The blood glucose levels were higher in diabetic groups than controls. The elevated plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined in the diabetic group (P < 0.01). The glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and ceruloplasmin levels in the diabetic group were decreased by the effect of diabetes but there was no difference between zinc-supplemented diabetic and control rabbits. Serum zinc concentrations were lower in diabetic rabbits but iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) levels in sera were not different among the groups. As a result, it was concluded that daily zinc supplementation could reduce the harmful effects of oxidative stress in diabetics. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe The Impact of a Nursing Coping Kit and a Nursing Coping Bouncy Castle on the Medical Fear Levels of Uzbek Refugee Children(Elsevier Science Inc, 2018) Teksoz, Emel; Duzguner, Vesile; Bilgin, Ibrahim; Ocakci, Ayse FerdaPurpose: This study determines the effect of a nursing coping kit and a nursing coping bouncy castle on the self-reported medical fear levels of Uzbek refugee children. Design and Methods: The study was conducted with Uzbek refugee children (n = 70) aged 6 to 18 years from Hatay province of Turkey. The children were randomly assigned into 2 groups; an experimental group (n = 35) and a control group (n = 35). Two coping interventionswere tested; a nursing coping kit and a nursing coping bouncy castle. These were designed to present medical implements, depictions of healthcare staff, and medical procedures to the children in a fun and playful way. A socio-demographic questionnaire was completed by all participants prior to the experiment. Also, a Fear for Medical Procedures Scale (FMPS) questionnaire was completed by each participant both prior to and after the intervention sessions with both the coping interventions. Results: The FMPS post-test scores decreased significantly in the experimental group after exposure to the two interventions when compared with the control group (11.77 and 22.14, respectively). Thus, the results support the notion that two coping interventions appear to reduce children'smedical fear level and make healthcare procedures easier to deal with. Conclusion: The participation of children in creative activities such as making toys or playingwith items fromthe nursing coping kit, and the opportunity for having fun represented by the nursing coping bouncy castle have potential benefits for them in terms of developing strategies to cope with their medical fears. Practical Implications: Using interventions to cope with medical fears of children might be recommended when the normal development process is considered significantly. Nursing researches should attach more importance and perform further studies about the subject. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe The Neuroprotective Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Global Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rat Brains(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2014) Altug, Muhammed Enes; Melek, Ismet M.; Erdogan, Suat; Duzguner, Vesile; Ozturk, Atakan; Kucukgul, AltugThe aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) mRNA isoenzymes, oxidant and antioxidant defence in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injured rat brains. Twenty-one rats were randomly divided into three equal groups: sham-control, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and I/R+CAPE. Rats in sham-control group underwent only surgical intervention without bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Ischemia/reperfusion was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion with atraumatic clips for 30 min, followed by artery reopening. The I/R+CAPE group was subjected to the same surgical procedure as I/R group, but CAPE was administered intraperitoneally at the dose of 15 mu mol kg(-1) twice, 1 h before occlusion and at 12th h of reperfusion. The rats were sacrificed 24 h after I/R. The cAMP concentration was analyzed by ELISA and PDE4 isozyme mRNA transcriptions were evaluated by qRT-PCR methodology in the brain cortex. Ischemia-induced NO production was significantly attenuated by CAPE in the cerebral cortex. CAPE significantly enhanced GSH-Px activity, while SOD, CAT and XO activities non-significantly changed, as compared to the I/R group. CAPE significantly decreased PDE4A and PDE4B transcripts, without changing cAMP levels compared to I/R group. Ischemia-induced neurologic deficit scores were reduced by CAPE. These results suggest that CAPE slightly modulates the antioxidant defense system and NO release in rat brain during global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, CAPE treatments produce the neuroprotective effect by reducing the levels of some PDE4 transcriptions.Öğe Oxidative stress responses of virtual reality use in refugee children undergoing elective surgery: A randomized controlled trial(Elsevier Science Inc, 2024) Demir, Emel; Duzguner, Vesile; Atici, Ahmet; Yengil, ErhanBackground: With the Virtual Reality (VR) technique, 3D movies can be made for refugee children for pre-operative stress. The study aims to reveal the oxidative responses of the VR technique in pre-operative anxiety in elective surgery in children aged 5-12 years. Methods: The Study was designed according to the CONSORT checklist with a randomized controlled parallel de-sign. The whole sample (n = 23), VR experimental group (n = 12), and control group (n = 11) were determined according to the total count method prospectively in 6 months. Oxidative stress parameters (Cortisol, Malondialdehyde, Nitric oxide, Glutathione) were measured in blood samples from the first hospitalization (beginning) and before the intervention (pre-operative) in the experimental and control groups. Findings: MDA, NO, and cortisol levels (p < 0.05), which indicate the stress level, are high in all groups. In pre-operative measurements, oxidative parameters were lower in the VR experimental group than in the control group. At the same time, the anti-stress antioxidant factor Glutathione was higher in the VR experimental group in pre-operative measurements.Discussion: The application of 3D film as a VR technique reduces stress parameters in pre-operative stress, and its antioxidant system activating effect has been determined.Application to practice: It can be applied to refugee child groups for pre-operative stress by shooting 3D movies in different languages.(c) 2023 Published by Elsevier Inc.Öğe Performance, egg quality and serum parameters of Japanese quails fed diet supplemented with Spirulina platensis(Parlar Scientific Publications, 2016) Dogan, Sibel Canogullari; Baylan, Mikail; Erdogan, Zeynep; Akpinar, Gulsen Copur; Kucukgul, Altug; Duzguner, VesileThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of Spirulina platensis on growth performance, egg quality and some serum parameters of laying Japanese quails. For this experiment, 100 ten weeks-old, female Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) with similar body weight were caged individually and were randomly divided into four groups of 25 quails each. Quails were fed diets supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% Spirulina platensis for 8 weeks. Spirulina platensis addition did not affect feed conversion ratio, feed intake, egg production, egg weight, shape index, eggshell thickness and haugh unit, significantly (P>0.05). However, there were significant differences (P<0.05) in final body weight, yolk index, albumen index and eggshell weight of experimental groups. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between groups in low density lipoprotein (LDL cholesterol) and high density lipoprotein (HDL cholesterol) concentrations. The LDL cholesterol concentration decreased while HDL cholesterol concentration increased with the increased supplementation of Spirulina platensis. Spirulina platensis supplementation also decreased plasma total cholesterol and trigyliceride levels between groups numerically but not statistically (P>0.05). The mean egg yolk cholesterol levels dropped by 19.65 and 18.93% in the 1.0 or 2.0% Spirulina platensis supplemented groups compared with control group. In conclusion, Spirulina algae can be used safely in laying quails diets with important effects on serum parameters and egg yolk cholesterol. © 2016 PSP.Öğe PERFORMANCE, EGG QUALITY AND SERUM PARAMETERS OF JAPANESE QUAILS FED DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH SPIRULINA PLATENSIS(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2016) Dogan, Sibel Canogullari; Baylan, Mikail; Erdogan, Zeynep; Akpinar, Gulsen Copur; Kucukgul, Altug; Duzguner, VesileThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of Spirulina platensis on growth performance, egg quality and some serum parameters of laying Japanese quails. For this experiment, 100 ten weeks-old, female Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) with similar body weight were caged individually and were randomly divided into four groups of 25 quails each. Quails were fed diets supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% Spirulina platensis for 8 weeks. Spirulina platensis addition did not affect feed conversion ratio, feed intake, egg production, egg weight, shape index, eggshell thickness and haugh unit, significantly (P>0.05). However, there were significant differences (P<0.05) in final body weight, yolk index, albumen index and eggshell weight of experimental groups. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between groups in low density lipoprotein (LDL cholesterol) and high density lipoprotein (HDL cholesterol) concentrations. The LDL cholesterol concentration decreased while HDL cholesterol concentration increased with the increased supplementation of Spirulina platensis. Spirulina platensis supplementation also decreased plasma total cholesterol and trigyliceride levels between groups numerically but not statistically (P>0.05). The mean egg yolk cholesterol levels dropped by 19.65 and 18.93% in the 1.0 or 2.0% Spirulina platensis supplemented groups compared with control group. In conclusion, Spirulina algae can be used safely in laying quails diets with important effects on serum parameters and egg yolk cholesterol.Öğe Silencing of PrPC (prion protein) expression does not affect Brucella melitensis infection in human derived microglia cells(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2013) Erdogan, Suat; Duzguner, Vesile; Kucukgul, Altug; Aslantas, OzkanCellular prion proteins (PrPC) are mainly expressed in the central nervous system where they have antioxidant effects and a role in the endocytosis of bacteria within cells. These proteins also have some crucial biological functions including roles in neurotransmission, signal transduction and programmed cell death. However, the role of prion proteins in neuronal Brucella infection, specifically in the interaction of the pathogen and the host cell is controversial. In the present study, the silencing of PrPC mRNA by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection was investigated in human microglia cells infected with Brucella melitensis. More than 70% of prion proteins were down-regulated in microglia by siRNA transfection and this caused a slight decrease in the cellular viability of the control cells. Silencing of PrPC suppressed the antioxidant systems, though it led to an up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and TNF-alpha as demonstrated by qRT-PCR analysis. B. melitensis infection of prion protein-silenced cells led to increase host viability, but had no effect on bacterial phagocytosis. According to the present study, there is no significant effect of prion proteins on phagocytosis and intracellular killing of B. melitensis in microglia cells. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. 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