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Öğe The Effect of Cultivar and Stage of Growth on the Fermentation, Aerobic Stability and Nutritive Value of Ensiled Quinoa(Galenos Publ House, 2023) Ertekin, Ibrahim; Atis, Ibrahim; Yilmaz, SabanQuinoa has the potential to be an important alternative source of silage as a forage crop. However, there is limited information on the ensiling of quinoa in the literature. This study investigates the silage fermentation quality, nutritive value and aerobic stability of quinoa cultivars harvested at different plant growing stages. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture in the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons. The experiment was laid out in a split plot with a randomized block design with three replications, the three main plots were based on harvesting times (flowering, milky and dough stages) and the five sub-plots were based on cultivars (Mint Vanilla, Cherry Vanilla, French Vanilla, Red Head and Titicaca). Traits such as pH, ammonia nitrogen, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), LA, acetic acid (AA), butyric acid (BA), propionic acid, ethanol (EtOH), dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, crude protein, ash, ether extract, water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and relative feed value were analyzed in order to determine silage fermentation quality and nutritive value. In addition, all silages were evaluated in terms of aerobic stability. In reference to the interaction effects, pH, ammonia nitrogen, LAB, AA, BA and EtOH, the silage fermentation quality parameters were between 3.83-4.16, 5.57-14.83%, 4.69-5.80 log10cfu/g DM, 1.37-2.10%, 0.32-0.51% and 0.79-1.63, respectively. On the other hand, DM, ADF, ash and WSC changed between 21.95-33.36%, 22.39-28.36%, 15.41-17.70% and 2.35-9.50%, respectively, as silage nutritive composition features. The carbon dioxide production values of silages exposed to air were between 5.49 g/kg and 10.26 g/kg according to interactions. Among the evaluated quinoa cultivars, cv. Titicaca and cv. French Vanilla provided superior results in terms of fermentation quality compared to other cultivars. It was also determined that it would be more appropriate to harvest these superior quinoa cultivars during the dough stage for quality silage. Among the silages, the cv. Titicaca had the best aerobic stability. As a result of this study, it was concluded that cv. French Vanilla and cv. Titicaca should be harvested during the dough stage in order to obtain better silage quality. According to the results of this study, it was deduced that the quinoa plant could be an alternative ensiling crop.Öğe EFFECTS OF COMMERCIAL BACTERIAL INOCULANTS ON FERMENTATION AND NUTRITIVE QUALITY OF WHEAT AND ANNUAL LEGUME MIXED SILAGES(Bangladesh Botanical Soc, 2023) Ertekin, IbrahimIn the present study fermentation quality, microbial populations and nutritive value of wheat and some cool season annual legume (forage pea, grass pea and vetch) mixed silages (25:75, 50:50 and 75:25) using various commercial bacterial inoculants (Pioneer 1188, Pioneer 11A44 and Pioneer 11CFT) were determined. Wheat and legume species were sown in separate plots and these plants were harvested when wheat reached the dough stage about 180 days after plant emergence. The present study was conducted in a factorial (3 legume speciesx3 inoculantsx5 mixtures) arrangement design. Results showed that effects of legume species on ADF, crude ash, pH, lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria, yeast and mold, lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen were significant (P < 0.05). Crude protein, silage fermentation features and microbial populations were affected (P < 0.05) by inoculants. Effects of mixture ratios on dry matter, chemical compositions, relative feed value, fermentation parameters of silages were significant (P < 0.05). It was determined that ensiling the 50 % wheat with 50% grass pea with the use of inoculant 1188 as an additive could give a good result both in terms of nutritive value and fermentation quality.Öğe Effects of different nitrogen doses and cultivars on fermentation quality and nutritive value of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silages(Asian-Australasian Assoc Animal Production Soc, 2022) Ertekin, Ibrahim; Atis, Ibrahim; Aygun, Yusuf Ziya; Yilmaz, Saban; Kizilsimsek, MustafaObjective: The fermentation profile and silage quality of 3 Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cultivars (cvs. Devis, Hellen, and Trinova) treated with 5 nitrogen doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg/ha) were evaluated. Methods: The experiment was laid out in split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. Annual ryegrass cultivars used in this study have been commonly grown in Turkey. Nitrogen doses were set in main plot and cultivars in split plot in the field. Plants were harvested at full-flowering stage with dry matter content about 220 g/kg for first cutting and 260 g/kg for second cutting. Harvested plants were chopped theoretically into 2 to 3 cm lengths for ensiling. Chopped fresh materials were ensilaged by compressing in 2 L plastic jars about 3 +/- 0.1 kg. Results: Effects of N doses on dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, dry matter digestibility, relative feed value, crude protein, pH, ammonia nitrogen, lactic acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid/acetic acid were statistically significant while water soluble carbohydrate, ash and organic matter were not statistically different. Ammonia nitrogen, crude protein, ash, organic matter, lactic acid, and lactic acid/acetic acid were affected by cultivars, but the other parameters were not. Increasing nitrogen applications positively affected the chemical composition of annual ryegrass silage. The significant increase in protein content was remarkable, however, silage fermentation properties were adversely affected by the increasing nitrogen dose. Conclusion: It can be recommended 150 kg/ha nitrogen dose for annual ryegrass harvested at full blooming stage. Even though the silage fermentation properties of the used cultivars were similar, cv. Devis gave better results than the others in terms of silage pH and relative feed value.Öğe Effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculation in pre-harvesting period on fermentation and feed quality properties of alfalfa silage(Asian-Australasian Assoc Animal Production Soc, 2020) Ertekin, Ibrahim; Kizilsimsek, MustafaObjective: To develop the fermentation quality and chemical composition of alfalfa (Medicago sativa Lam.) silage, plants were inoculated with different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains at field 24 hours before harvest. Methods: The treatment groups were as follow: silage without additive as a control and inoculated with each strains of Lactobacillus brevis (LS-55-2-2), Leuconostoc citerum (L. citerum; L-70-6-1), Lactobacillus bifermentans (L. bifermentans; LS-65-2-1), Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum; LS-3-3) and L. plantarum (LS-72-2). All the silages were stored at 25 degrees C. Parameters such as pH, microorganism and volatile fatty acid contents, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, net gas, metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility, dry matter intake and relative feed value were measured to determine fermentation quality, chemical compositions and relative feed value of alfalfa silages. Results: Significant differences were found among the control and treated groups in terms of pH and microorganism contents at all opening times and crude protein, net gas, metabolizable energy and organic matter digestibility of final silage. The pH values ranged from 4.70 to 5.52 for all treatments and control silage had the highest value of overall treatments at T(75)d silages. Volatile fatty acid of silages was not influenced significantly by inoculations. However, lactic acid content of L. bifermentans (LS-65-2-1) was higher than the other treatments. The highest metabolizable energy and organic matter digestibility were recorded from L. citerum (L-70-6-1) inoculation. In addition, no significant differences were found among treatments in terms of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, dry matter intake and relative feed value. Conclusion: Among the treated LAB isolates, L. bifermentans came into prominence especially in terms of organic acid composition and quality characters of silages.Öğe THE EFFECTS OF SOWING DESIGNS ON FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY OF SWEET SORGHUM AND MUNG BEAN MIXTURES UNDER MEDITERRANEAN CONDITIONS(Soc Field Crop Sci, 2022) Ertekin, Ibrahim; Yilmaz, SabanThis study was conducted to determine the effects of sowing designs on forage yield and quality in sweet sorghum and mung bean grown as binary mixture with different cultivation systems in Mediterranean conditions under second crop season during 2019-2020. As sowing design, twin -row (20x55 cm row spacing), narrow-row (55 cm row spacing) and conventional-row (75 cm row spacing) were used. The mixtures were formed based on the plant density and alternative row numbers of sweet sorghum and mung bean. Sowing was done on alternating rows of 1 row of sweet sorghum and 1 row of mung bean and 2 rows of sweet sorghum and 1 row of mung bean. The plant density of sweet sorghum was 14 plants m-2 and plant densities of mung bean were 14 plants m-2, 21 plants m-2 and 28 plants m-2. This experiment was planned as two-factor (sowing designs and mixtures) and conducted in randomized complete block design arranged in split plot with 3 replications. To evaluate the forage yield and quality, fresh forage yield, dry matter yield, NDF, ADF, ADL, crude ash crude protein and ether extract characteristics were examined. In addition, the intercropping potential of mung bean and sweet sorghum mixtures was evaluated by the land equivalent ratio. As a result of the present study, mixed cultivation of 14 plants m-2 with one row of sweet sorghum and 14 plants m-2 with one row of mung bean gave the best results in narrow row sowing design. It was concluded that an efficient and high quality intercropping system can be realized in the second crop conditions in regions where Mediterranean climatic conditions prevail, especially for mung beans and sweet sorghum.Öğe FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY OF QUINOA (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) GENOTYPES HARVESTED AT DIFFERENT CUTTING STAGES UNDER MEDITERRANEAN CONDITIONS(Soc Field Crop Sci, 2021) Yilmaz, Saban; Ertekin, Ibrahim; Atis, IbrahimGenotype choosing and cutting stage are very significant to obtained better forage yield and quality. However, researches about forage production from quinoa plant genotypes harvested at different cutting stages are not enough in Mediterranean conditions. This study was conducted to determine the forage yield and quality of five different quinoa genotypes (Red head, Cherry vanilla, French vanilla, Mint vanilla and Titicaca) at three different cutting stages (flowering, milky and dough). The experiment was laid out in split plot of randomized complete blocks with three replications in 2019 and 2020 years. To evaluate the forage yield and quality of different quinoa genotypes harvested at different cutting stages, plant height, stem diameter, dry forage yield, dry matter content, water soluble carbohydrate, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, condensed tannins, ether extract, crude protein, crude ash, organic matter, non-fiber carbohydrate and relative feed value properties were investigated. As a result of the research, it was determined that it is appropriate to harvest quinoa as a roughage source at the dough stage, and that Mint vanilla genotype is the most productive genotype.Öğe INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN DOSE AND PLANT DENSITY ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY PROPERTIES OF DUAL PURPOSE BARLEY GROWN UNDER THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS(Polish Society Magnesium Research, 2022) Ertekin, IbrahimDual-purpose barley cultivation has become popular in recent years, especially in regions with restrictions on growing roughage. Despite its growing popularity, proper nitrogen doses and plant densities in the cultivation of dual-purpose barley are yet to be determined. Hence, this study was carried out at the Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, on research fields in the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 growing seasons, in order to follow the effect of different nitrogen doses (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1) and plant densities (450, 550 and 650 plant m-2) on dual-purpose barley. To evaluate the performance of dual-purpose barley under different nitrogen doses and plant densities, properties of forage yield, quality, nutritive value, grain yield, yield characteristics and grain quality were investigated. The applied nitrogen doses and plant densities affected some parameters of the forage yield, quality and nutritive value, and grain yield. Better forage yield was obtained from dual-purpose barley fertilized with nitrogen doses of 120 kg ha-1 and 180 kg ha-1 at 550 plant m-2 and 650 plant m-2 plant densities. Similar results were obtained in terms of the forage quality and nutritive value of dual-purpose barley. In general, yield and yield characteristics of grain obtained from dual-purpose barley were not affected by nitrogen doses or plant densities. However, plant growing years affected some characteristics related to the yield, and this result was explained by meteorological factors. Thus, the most appropriate nitrogen dose and plant density were determined to be 120 kg ha-1 and 550 plant m-2, respectively, for dual purpose barley cultivation in regions with the Mediterranean climate.
