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    Citric acid production by yarrowia lipolytica
    (Springer International Publishing, 2019) Carsanba, Erdem; Papanikolaou, Seraphim; Fickers, Patrick; Agirman, Bilal; Erten, Huseyin
    Recently, with an increasing annual demand of more than two million tons, citric acid (CA) has become the main additive and functional component in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. This rising demand has induced research to search for alternative and cheap ways to fulfil CA requirements in industry. Lately, Yarrowia lipolytica has been considered as a promising microorganism in the production of CA since it has many advantages over moulds: mainly high productivity, easier cultivation (convenient for continuous process), and the capability to use a wide range of agricultural or industrial by-products and wastes as cheap carbon sources. CA production by this yeast depends on certain factors such as medium composition (type and concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, and trace elements) and the type of strain used (wild, mutant, or genetically engineered), as well as cultivation conditions (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, etc.). This review principally details recent studies concerning CA production by Y. lipolytica with an emphasis on techniques to increase productivity and yield to meet the expanding demand for this organic acid. Suitable substrates and production factors for high and cost-efficient CA production are discussed. Downstream processes and production systems are also reviewed. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.
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    Screening various Yarrowia lipolytica strains for citric acid production
    (Wiley, 2019) Carsanba, Erdem; Papanikolaou, Seraphim; Fickers, Patrick; Erten, Huseyin
    Citric acid (CA) productivity by Yarrowia lipolytica dependents on strain type, carbon source, carbon to nitrogen (C/N) molar ratio as well as physicochemical conditions (pH, temperature, oxygen transfer rate, etc.). In the current study, 10 different Y. lipolytica strains were first challenged in shake-flask culture for CA production in a glucose-based media under nitrogen-limited conditions. For the most promising one, strain K57, CA productivity was monitored during culture in batch bioreactor for three initial C/N molar ratio (167, 367, and 567 Cmol/Nmol). The highest CA yield (0.77 g/g glucose), titre (72.3 g/L CA), and productivity (0.04 g/g.h) were found for C/N ratio of 367. However, the highest growth rate was obtained for an initial C/N ratio of 167. From these results, Y. lipolytica strain K57 could be considered to produce CA at higher titre on glucose-based medium in batch bioreactor than others Y. lipolytica strain reported in the literature.