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Öğe Advancements in plant transgenomics approach for the biopharmaceutics and vaccines production(Elsevier, 2020) Khan, Faria; Szmigielski, Rafal; Gul, Alvina; Altay, Volkan; Ozturk, MunirPlant transgenomics deals with the branch of omics whereby foreign gene insertion inside a plant genome can allow for the corresponding protein translation. The phenomena are now being widely employed in pharmaceuticals, drugs, and vaccine development by utilizing a plant gene construct and expression system. The current chapter highlights how the molecular farming strategy is employed at present to construct transgenic plants with a potential to express proteins with biopharmaceutical properties for drugs, antibodies, and vaccine production. It is also discussed how biopharmaceuticals and drug development can be revolutionized via plant transgenomics in the future. Plant transgenomics in biopharmaceuticals is already emerging as an independent field. Antibodies, therapeutic proteins, and bioactive products derived from transgenic plants are being researched at an extensive level. Vaccines derived from plants, particularly edible vaccines hold a great potential in mass-scale immunization programs. However, despite the progress in the field of plant transgenomics for drug development, a lot of research is imminent for efficacy, safety, and commercialization. Public acceptability for such biopharmaceutical products has to be taken into account before this developing field can ground its roots in the commercial settings. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Aluminum Toxicity: A Case Study on Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)(Tech Science Press, 2023) Ozturk, Munir; Metin, Mert; Altay, Volkan; Kawano, Tomonori; Gul, Alvina; Unal, Bengu Turkyilmaz; Unal, DilekAluminum is an abundant metal in the earth's crust that turns out to be toxic in acidic environments. Many plants are affected by the presence of aluminum at the whole plant level, at the organ level, and at the cellular level. Tobacco as a cash crop (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a widely cultivated plant worldwide and is also a good model organism for research. Although there are many articles on Al-phytotoxicity in the literature, reviews on a single species that are economically and scientifically important are limited. In this article, we not only provide the biology associated with tobacco Al-toxicity, but also some essential information regarding the effects of this metal on other plant species (even animals). This review provides information on aluminum localization and uptake process by different staining techniques, as well as the effects of its toxicity at different compartment levels and the physiological consequences derived from them. In addition, molecular studies in recent years have reported specific responses to Al toxicity, such as overexpression of various protective proteins. Besides, this review discusses data on various organelle-based responses, cell death, and other mechanisms, data on tobacco plants and other kingdoms relevant to these studies.Öğe Arsenic and Human Health: Genotoxicity, Epigenomic Effects, and Cancer Signaling(Springernature, 2022) Ozturk, Munir; Metin, Mert; Altay, Volkan; Bhat, Rouf Ahmad; Ejaz, Mahnoor; Gul, Alvina; Unal, Bengu TurkyilmazArsenic is a well-known element because of its toxicity. Humans as well as plants and animals are negatively affected by its exposure. Some countries suffer from high levels of arsenic in their tap water and soils, which is considered a primary arsenic-linked risk factor for living beings. Humans generally get exposed to arsenic by contaminated drinking waters, resulting in many health problems, ranging from cancer to skin diseases. On the other hand, the FDA-certified drug arsenic trioxide provides solutions for various diseases, including several types of cancers. This issue emphasizes the importance of speciation of the metalloid elements in terms of impacts on health. When species get exposed to arsenic, it affects the cells altering their involvement. It can lead to abnormalities in inflammatory mechanisms and the immune system which contribute to the negative impacts generated on the body. The poisoning originating from arsenic gives rise to various biological signs on the body which can be useful for the diagnosis. It is important to find true biomarkers for the detection of arsenic poisoning. In view of its application in medicine and biology, studies on understanding the biological activity of arsenic have increased. In this review, we aim at summarizing the current state of knowledge of arsenic and the mechanism behind its toxicity including genotoxicity, oxidative insults, epigenomic changes, and alterations in cellular signaling.Öğe Halophytes have potential as heavy metal phytoremediators: A comprehensive review(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Caparros, Pedro Garcia; Ozturk, Munir; Gul, Alvina; Batool, Tuba Sharf; Pirasteh-Anosheh, Hadi; Unal, Bengu Turkyilmaz; Altay, VolkanHalophytes are widely distributed worldwide and thrive in a wide range of environments such as coastal salt marshes, dunes, saline depressions, and inland deserts. They are also able to cope with heavy metal stress due to their developed morphological and physiological traits such as restricted entry of heavy metals through the root system, synthesis and storage of osmolytes such as proline, and intracellular complexation/chelation/compartmentalization of metal ions. Heavy metal-polluted areas result in yield losses of crops, higher environmental risks for the population, and a severe reduction in biodiversity of these areas. This review highlights studies on the heavy metal phytoremediation capacity of halophytic species from different plant families. An attempt has been made to include the pertinent information regarding heavy metal phytoremediation together with the most important characteristics of halophytes, followed by information on different studies conducted under controlled conditions or in natural environments related to heavy metal phytoremediation of different halophyte taxa from different families. The most promising species have been classified as phytoextractors or phytostabilizers together with recommendations for future research prospects in this topic.Öğe Molecular Biology of Cadmium Toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae(Springernature, 2021) Ozturk, Munir; Metin, Mert; Altay, Volkan; De Filippis, Luigi; Unal, Bengu Turkyilmaz; Khursheed, Anum; Gul, AlvinaCadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal mainly originating from industrial activities and causes environmental pollution. To better understand its toxicity and pollution remediation, we must understand the effects of Cd on living beings. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) is an eukaryotic unicellular model organism. It has provided much scientific knowledge about cellular and molecular biology in addition to its economic benefits. Effects associated with copper and zinc, sulfur and selenium metabolism, calcium (Ca2+) balance/signaling, and structure of phospholipids as a result of exposure to cadmium have been evaluated. In yeast as a result of cadmium stress, mitogen-activated protein kinase, high osmolarity glycerol, and cell wall integrity pathways have been reported to activate different signaling pathways. In addition, abnormalities and changes in protein structure, ribosomes, cell cycle disruption, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) following cadmium cytotoxicity have also been detailed. Moreover, the key OLE1 gene that encodes for delta-9 FA desaturase in relation to cadmium toxicity has been discussed in more detail. Keeping all these studies in mind, an attempt has been made to evaluate published cellular and molecular toxicity data related to Cd stress, and specifically published on S. cerevisiae.Öğe Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Metabolism under Adverse Environmental Conditions: a Review(Springer, 2021) Garcia-Caparros, Pedro; De Filippis, Luigi; Gul, Alvina; Hasanuzzaman, Mirza; Ozturk, Munir; Altay, Volkan; Lao, Maria TeresaReactive oxygen species (ROS) originate as a natural byproduct in standard metabolism of oxygen activities. The principal sites of ROS generation in the cell are apoplast, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes. These ROS can induce cellular injuries by proteins oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage, which finally may result in plant cellular death. Under regular circumstances, there is a steadiness between generation and elimination of ROS, but this balance is hampered by different biotic and abiotic stress factors such as exposure to heavy metals, high and low-light conditions, pathogens, insects and temperature extremes, resulting in a high generation of ROS which should be counteracted by the antioxidant machinery in cells. The antioxidant system of defense is composed by two groups: (i) Enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), general peroxidases (PRX) (e.g. guaiacol peroxidase GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR); (ii) Non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (AA), reduced glutathione (GSH), alpha-tocopherol, carotenoids, plastoquinone/ubiquinone and flavonoids. These two groups of metabolites and enzymes work together with the main aim of ROS scavenging, but also in determining plant signaling, immune response, and plant growth and development. Finally, the molecular genetics of ROS genes and related metabolic pathways are briefly outlined, including gene isoforms, cellular localization, detection methods used and interactions amongst them. This information is crucial in better understanding and designing procedures for plants ' stress tolerance; leading to a better management of agricultural plants under challenging and changing climatic conditions and food security.Öğe Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria for Soil Sustainability(wiley, 2021) Siddique, Raffia; Gul, Alvina; Ozturk, Munir; Altay, VolkanOne of the reasons behind the limiting crop yield among industrializing countries at global level is soil infertility. This problem basically originates from the excessive use of chemical fertilizers to meet the ever increasing world food demand. The use of chemical fertilizers has lead to drastic damages to the soil. These include death of useful insects and microorganisms following eutrophication as well as accumulation of potentially toxic elements like arsenic, selenium polluting our underground water resources. All these end up with a depletion of soil fertility. In view of this, the researchers are searching for other dependable sources with a potential to replace synthetic chemical fertilizers. Our soils have three core components; the organic, mineral, and the microorganisms. Out of these, the microorganisms are investigated as biofertilizers to integrate the nutrients in the biological system for an improvement of soil fertility. Among the microorganisms, the phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) have been studied at length for their role in improving plant growth following their application to the crops. PSBs are a diverse bacterial group which help in the plant growth by supplementing the plants with fixed nutrients that are already available in the soil such as phosphorous. These organisms use a mechanism of increasing the growth-promoting hormone, auxin, which directly impacts the growth of plants. Moreover, they also employ the following three mechanisms to improve soil fertility; chelation, lowering pH of soil, and mineralization. Out of the heterogeneous PSB group, the following strains are reported for improving the fertility of soil; Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Rhizobium. These notable strains have convincingly improved the development, growth, and productivity of crops by mobilizing the amount of inorganic phosphate in the soil increasing its bioavailability for plants without polluting our environment. In the light of these observations the researchers are strongly recommending the use of PSBs as a reliable source for improving soil fertility and ultimately for sustainable agriculture. This chapter reviews the latest developments in this connection. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Öğe Role of Rare Earth Elements in Plants(Springer, 2023) Ozturk, Munir; Metin, Mert; Altay, Volkan; Prasad, Majeti Narasimha Vara; Gul, Alvina; Bhat, Rouf Ahmad; Darvash, Moonisa AslamRare earth elements (generally abbreviated as REEs) are the name used to define 17 metals with special physicochemical features. In general, REEs are interest of chemists mainly because of their peculiar chemical abilities. However, this situation started to change, and REEs, recently, turn out to be a hotspot also for environmental biologist, plant biologist, and molecular biologists. Despite that there are diverse studies regarding biology of these elements (also defined as metals), biologist still have limited knowledge about the mechanisms of REE action in living (particular in reducing their toxic effects at high doses) and about the areas in which these metals can be used as biotechnological tools. REEs have a peculiarity that they can bind to other molecules to enhance several physiological activities like growth and development in plants and photosynthesis, and they are able to behave as synergistic agents for the intake of several nutrients. The supply of these elements in several species can be, as well, an important source of synthesis of natural compounds. The exogenous application of REEs in plants has been demonstrated to antagonize damages of salinity and metal stresses. The present review aims to put forward a comprehensive account of the latest findings related to the effects of REEs' on different aspects of plant growth and development. This compilation mainly targets scientists who afford to discover action mechanisms of REEs and researchers focussing on the amelioration of adverse consequences generated by REEs.Öğe Superbugs, silver bullets, and new battlefields(Elsevier, 2020) Rashid, Muhammad Ibrahim; Tariq, Parkha; Rashid, Habiba; Ali, Zainab; Andleeb, Saadia; Gul, Alvina; Ozturk, MunirPenicillin was the wonder drug developed during World War II. The golden age of antibiotics continued for about 40 years and ended with the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria or the superbugs. In this review we have covered almost all the vital aspects of this superbug-silver bullet competition ranging from resistance mechanisms, drug tolerance, biofilm formation, social interactions among bacterial populations to identification of more effective drug targets and the development of novel antibacterial agents. Currently in use and future alternatives to antibiotics are also discussed with a focus on the prevention of resistance development and spread. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
