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    The effect of Mediterranean thyme (Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata) essential oil on fattening performance and ruminal parameters in lamb
    (Kielanowski Inst Animal Physiology Nutrition, 2017) Baytok, E.; Kara, K.; Aksu, T.; Guclu, B. K.; Ozkaya, S.; Denek, N.; Kamalak, A.
    The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata (TS) essential oil (10 or 15 mu l . kg(-1) live weight (LW)) on growth performance (LW, LW gain, feed intake) and rumen parameters (volatile fatty acids (VFA)) and ammonia levels, and pH) in lambs. The experiment lasted 56 days, including 14 days of adaptation and 42 of experimental period. The TS essential oil was extracted from the leaves harvested at the beginning of plant flowering and contained: 66.86% carvacrol, 12.18% p-cymene, 10.73%.-terpinene and 2.77% thymol. The addition of TS essential oil to concentrate feed did not affect final LW, LW gain, feed intake or feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05). Molar concentrations (mmol . l(-1)) of total VFA and acetic (A), butyric (B) and propionic (P) acids, and levels of pH and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) in rumen fluid were also not affected by TS essential oil inclusion (P > 0.05). However, the proportion of A and (A+B): P ratio in rumen fluid VFA increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing TS essential oil doses, whereas the P proportion decreased linearly (P = 0.008). So, it could be suggested that TS essential oil enhanced the concentration of selected VFA in rumen fluid through a positive effect on feed digestion in the rumen. In particular, the linear increase in A and (A+ B): P ratio could have enhanced fibrolytic effect in the rumen ecosystem. It was concluded that different doses and longer terms of use of TS essential oil should be further investigated in in vivo studies.
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    Nutritive Value of Culban (Vicia peregrina) Seeds as Dietary Protein Source for Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
    (Medwell Online, 2009) Karaman, M.; Canogullari, S.; Baylan, M.; Kamalak, A.
    A 6 week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of raw Vicia peregrina seed as a possible protein source in the diet of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and identify the limitations to its use arising from palatability or apparent toxicity factors. At the end of experiment the body weight of Japanese quails ranged from 167.1 and 208.4 g and live weight of quails fed diets A and B were significantly (p<0.001) higher than those fed with diet C and D. Feed intake, Body Weight Gain (BWG), Feed Conversion Rate (FCR), Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and the carcass weight of Japanese quail chick fed with diets A and B was significantly (p<0.001) higher than those fed with diets C and D whereas there is no significant (p>0.05) differences among diets in terms of Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER). There are no significant (p>0.05) differences among diets in terms of percentage of DP, heart and liver whereas the percentage of gizzard of Japanese quails fed diet with A and B was significantly lower than those fed diets C and D. As a conclusion Vicia peregrine seed has potential as an alternative feed ingredient and can be used up to 10% of diet as protein source in diets of Japanese quails without any adverse effects. Vicia peregrina seed should be processed if inclusion rate exceeded 10% of diet.