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    The formation of collective, political and cultural memory in the Middle Bronze Age: foundation and termination rituals at Toprakhisar Hoyuk
    (Cambridge Univ Press, 2020) Akar, Murat; Kara, Demet
    Constructing and deconstructing public spaces in second-millennium BC Anatolia, the Near East and the Levant was not only a collaborative physical act but also involved deeply embodied ritual symbolism. This symbolism is materialised in the practice of conducting public foundation and termination rituals that unified individual memories in space and time, transforming the physical act into a collective memory: a process that contributed to the formation of political and cultural memory. The recent rescue excavations conducted by the Hatay Archaeological Museum at the hinterland site of Toprakhisar Hoyuk in Altinozu (in the foothills above the Amuq valley) add to the understanding of the practice of foundation and termination rituals during the Middle Bronze Age and how these moments may have contributed to the political and cultural memory of a rural community living away from the centre. The practice of foundation/termination rituals is archaeologically documented by caches of artefacts from votive contexts stratigraphically linked to the construction and termination of a Middle Bronze Age administrative structure.
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    Into the Hinterland: The Middle Bronze Age Building at Toprakhisar Hoyuk Altinozu (Hatay, Turkey)
    (Koc Univ Suna & Inan Kirac Res Ctr Mediterranean Civilizations-Akmed, 2018) Akar, Murat; Kara, Demet
    The recent salvage excavations conducted by the Hatay Archaeological Museum at Toprakhisar Hoyuk (Altinozu) in the highlands sorrounding the Amuq Valley on its southwestern side have revealed architectural data regarding re-urbanization patterns in the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1600 BC, MBA hereafter). This archaeological data is discussed under the larger theme of materiality, function, and conscious symbolism in the use of space. It is argued that rural sites likewise contained administrative complexes with stylistic attributes similar to well-known and larger palaces from the urban centers of the region.
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    A lead figurine from Toprakhisar Hoyuk: magico-ritual objects in the Syro-Anatolian Middle Bronze Age
    (Cambridge Univ Press, 2022) Akar, Murat; Kara, Demet
    This article examines supra-regional trends in magico-ritual objects through a mould-made lead figurine in the form of a foundation peg found in a disturbed Early Bronze IVB to Middle Bronze I transitional deposit at Toprakhisar Hoyuk (Altinozu, Hatay). The stylised object is interpreted as a bull standing atop a peg, pointing to the adoption of hybrid Syro-Anatolian and Mesopotamian technological, iconographic and apotropaic values. It is suggested the object is ritual paraphernalia, likely in relation to the cult of the Storm God, used in a foundation ritual. Together with this peculiar metal product, the presence of other magico-ritual objects that point to northern Mesopotamian connections at the small hinterland site of Toprakhisar Hoyuk, on the outskirts of the Amuq valley, is considered to be a possible material reflection of new groups in the region, including Hurrians and Amorites, which contributed to the unity and regionality of the cults and rituals of Syro-Anatolian communities of the Middle Bronze Age.