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Öğe The Eff ect of Total Mix Ration with Xylitol Supplementation on In Vitro Ruminal Total Gas and Methane Production, Digestion Values, Organic Acids, Ammonia-Nitrogen, and the Number of Total Protozoa in Dairy Cattle(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2022) Soylu, Yildiray; Kara, Kanber; Onel, Suleyman Ercument; Yilmaz, Sena; Oztas, Mehmet Akif; Aslan, OznurThe study aimed to determine the effect of xylitol, added to the dry period total mix ration (TMR) of dairy cattle, on in vitro rumen fermentation, total gas production, methane production, estimated digestion values, organic acids and ammonia-nitrogen contents and the number of total protozoa. Xylitol was added to dairy cattle TMR at different rates (0%, 2% 4%, and 8%; dry matter basis). The xylitol supplementations at 2 and 4% did not affect in vitro total gas production, in vitro methane production, metabolizable energy (ME) and organic matter digestibility (OMd) values (P 0.05). The molarities of total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) percentages of acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA) and butyric acid (BA) in TVFA, ammonia-nitrogen concentration, and the number of total ciliate protozoa of the in vitro rumen fluid of xylitol supplementations at 2%, 4%, and 8% were similar to those of control TMR (P 0.05). Besides, 2% and 4% xylitol supplementations to dairy cattle TMR numerically increased the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen and the number of total ciliate protozoa in in vitro fermentation fluid (P 0.05). Consequently, the supplementation of 2% and 4% xylitol to dairy cattle ration did not affect the in vitro rumen fermentation (total gas production, methane production, estimated digestion values, organic acids and ammonia-nitrogen parameters). However, 8% supplementation xylitol to dairy cattle ration had the potential to affect the before-mentioned in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters adversely.Öğe The effect of Origanum syriacum L. extract and carvacrol on the in vitro digestion, estimated digestion values, ammonia and organic acid concentrations in the fermentation fluid of lucerne herbage(Czech Academy Agricultural Sciences, 2022) Onel, Suleyman Ercument; Aksu, Taylan; Kara, Kanber; Aksu, Devrim SaripinarThe effects induced by medicinal aromatic plants in biological systems vary with the type and amount of bioactive substances these plants contain. Whether the purified form of the main chemical components of these plants, such as carvacrol and thymol, or plant volatile oils containing tens of bioactive compounds are more effective remains a question of debate. This study was aimed at providing a comparative assessment of the effects of Origanum syriacum L. (wild mountain thyme) volatile oil (OSVO) and one of its main components, carvacrol (CRV), on the in vitro ruminal degradability of lucerne herbage and methane production during the degradation of lucerne. For this purpose, wild thyme was harvested at the beginning of the flowering period, and the OSVO was extracted from the plant by steam distillation. Gas production assays were performed in five groups of ruminal fluid samples, one of which was maintained for control purposes, and the other four 40/60/80 mg/l of OSVO and 60 mg/l of CRV were added. Compared to the control group, in the samples with the added CRV and OSVO, the amounts of in vitro total gas and methane production were observed to have been affected, but no decrease was detected in the ruminal protozoa counts. The level of ammonia nitrogen was lowest in the groups, in which CRV and 40 mg/l of OSVO (P < 0.01) were added. The ruminal protozoa counts were not affected by the addition of CRV and OSVO. While the total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and propionic acid (PA) concentrations in the in vitro fermentation fluid of lucerne herbage were low in all the groups, butyric acid was detected at a level of 40 mg/l in the group where CRV was added. The OSVO was ascertained to have induced dose-dependent alterations in the investigated in vitro digestion parameters. In result, CRV (60 mg/l) and OSVO (40 mg/l) were determined to have shown a relatively positive effect on the in vitro ruminal gas production. The anti-methano genic effect of the plant extracts was due to the decreased digestibility of the lucerne herbage. This can have a positive impact on the environment, but the same cannot be said for the animal nutrient use and animal performance.Öğe The Effects of Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Volatile Oil on In Vitro Ruminal Gas Production, Methane Emission, Volatile Fatty Acide Amountsand Protozoa Counts of Total Mixed Ration of Dairy Cattle(2021) Önel, Süleyman Ercüment; Kara, Kanber; Gül, Mehmet; Öztaş, Mehmet Akif; Yılmaz, SenaMethane (CH4), a major greenhouse gas produced during ruminal fermentation, has a significant ratio in both the economic and ecological impact of global climate change. Literature reports have been published, which suggest that dietary supplementation with plant volatile oils reduces methane emissions in ruminant production. This in vitro study was aimed at investigating the effects of agarwood (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.) volatile oil on in vitro ruminal gas production, methane emission, ruminal organic acids and protozoa counts of total mixed ration (TMR) of dairy cattle. Component analyses were performed for agarwood (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.) volatile oil. The effects of agarwood volatile oil, added to ruminal fluid at levels of 5, 10 and 15 µL/0.2 g dry matter (DM) (Groups A0, A5, A10 and A15), on in vitro ruminal digestion were determined based on in vitro gas production. In conclusion, it was ascertained that the addition of 10 µL of Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. volatile oil to ruminal fluid positively affected in vitro ruminal gas production and digestion parameters of total mixed ration (TMR) of dairy cattle, and showed an antimethanogenic effect.Öğe The Effects of Laurel Volatile Oil (Laurusnobilis L.)on In Vitro Ruminal Gas Production of Methane Emission, Organic Acids and Protozoa Counts Alfalfa Herbage(2020) Önel, Süleyman Ercüment; Aksu, Taylan; Kara, Kanber; Aksu, Devrim SarıpınarThe aim of the present in vitrostudy was to investigate the effects of laurel volatile oil, (Laurusnobilis L.)on ruminal gas production, methane emission, organic acids and protozoa counts of Alfalfa herbage. The components of laurel volatile oil were analysed. The effects of the addition of laurel volatile oil, at levels of 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L (L0, L50, L100 and L200), to the rumen fluid onin vitroruminal digestion were determined using byin vitro gas produc-tion technique. The addition of 50 mg/L of laurel volatile oil decreased total gas and methane production (ml), organic matter digestion (OMD), and metabolic energy (ME) values. On the other hand, the addition of this oil at levels of 100 mg/L and 200 mg/L was observed not to alter the in vitrototal gas, methane (ml), ME and OMD values (P<0.05). While ruminal ammonia nitrogen levels decreased in Groups L50 and L100, no alteration was detected in Group L200 (P<0.05). Ruminal protozoa counts did not affected by the addition of laurel volatile oil within a range of 50-200 mg/L (P>0.05). The amounts of the total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and butyric acid (BA) in the in vitrofermentation fluid of alfalfa herbage were low in all groups. It was determined that laurel volatile oil (LaurusnobilisL.) caused dose-dependent alterations in the in vitrodigestion parameters.As a result, it has been determined that the active substanc-es in Laurusnobilis L. essential oil may have regulation power on ruminal fermentation. It is thought that more research is needed to reveal the effects of Laurusnobilis L. volatile in terms of both ecological and digestive system physiology by using different feed types and essential oil combinations.Öğe Effects of plantago species herbage and silage on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbiome(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Kara, Kanber; Yilmaz, Sena; Onel, Suleyman Ercument; Ozbilgin, AbdullahThe present study aimed to compare the nutrient composition, in vitro ruminal fermentation values and microbiome in the ruminal fermentation of herbage and silage of the Plantago media, P. major and P. lanceolata species. The lactic acid (LA) content of P. lanceolata silage was higher than those of other plantago silages (p < 0.05). The alpha-linolenic, w-3, polyunsaturated (PUFA), medium chain (MCFA) and long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) of plantago silages were lower than those of plantago herbages (p < 0.05). The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents, total gas and methane production, metabolic energy (ME) and organic matter digestion (OMD) values and ammonia-nitrogen concentration in the in vitro fermentation fluid of P. major silage were lower than those of other plantago silages (p < 0.05). The in vitro ruminal methane production and community of archaea Methanobrevibacter in the microbiome of P. major herbage were higher than that of P. media and P. lanceolata herbages. The ensiling process significantly increased the in vitro total gas production, acetic acid concentration and Prevotellaceae bacteria of P. media and P. lanceolate compared their herbages. As a result, P. lanceolata and P. media silages provided high-quality silage fermentation; the nutrient composition was not lost to a great extent in the silage environment and the ruminal fibrolytic bacterial composition was positively affected. Plantago major silage could not provide a good silage quality and the in vitro ruminal fermentation and ruminal fibrolytic bacteria community value were negatively affected.
