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Öğe Anadolu Mandalarında Subklinik Mastitis Prevalansı ve Hastalığın Etkileri(2021) Sarıözkan, Savaş; Yakan, Akın; Özkan, Hüseyin; İmrağ, Mehmet; Küçükoflaz, Mehmet; Çamdeviren, Baran; Karaaslan, İremBu çalışmanın amacı, Anadolu mandalarında subklinik mastitis prevalansının ve sütte meydana getirdiği değişikliklerin belirlenmesi ile hastalığın oluşturduğu finansal kayıpların hesaplanmasıdır. Araştırmanın materyalini Kayseri’de yetiştirilen toplam 24 baş dişi Anadolu mandasına ait 96 meme lobundan elde edilen süt örnekleri oluşturmuştur. Süt örnekleri Mart 2021’de dört işletmeden temin edilmiş olup, sütlerin enfeksiyon durumu Kaliforniya Mastitis Test (CMT) ve somatik hücre sayısı (SHS) incelenerek değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, 5 manda (%20.8) ve 8 meme lobunun (%8.3) enfekte olduğu ve ortalama SHS değerinin 182500 hücre/ml olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Enfekte hayvanların süt yağının %27.4 oranında (P<0.05) ve süt veriminin %12.6 oranında azaldığı, hastalığın tedavi edilmemesi halinde bir laktasyonda 1140 TL (138 $) kayıp oluşacağı, tedavi edilmesi halinde ise bu kaybın 951.5 TL (115 $) azaltılabileceği hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Kayseri’de yetiştirilen Anadolu mandalarında subklinik mastitis prevalansının yüksek olduğu (%20.8), enfeksiyonun özellikle kalite açısından süt yağını önemli oranda azalttığı, üreticilerin hastalıklar konusunda eğitilmesi ve hijyene daha fazla dikkat etmesi gerektiği, aksi halde subklinik mastitisin işletmelerde önemli ekonomik kayıplara yol açarak karlılıklarını azalttığı ortaya çıkmıştır.Öğe Effects of Food Restriction on PTGS2 and NRF2 Genes Expression Levels in Rat Testis(2022) Özkan, Hüseyin; Dalkıran, Sevda; Karaaslan, İrem; Kaya, Ufuk; Alakuş, İbrahim; Çamdeviren, Baran; Yakan, AkınThis study aimed to investigate the effects of food restriction on oxidative status at the molecular levels of the testis in rats. A total of 16 male Wistar rats were allocated to two groups (n=8) and fed for four weeks. The first group was control (Cont) and consumed food and water ad libitum. The second one, food-restricted group (FR) was presented half of the regular consumption. But the water was presented ad libitum. The feeding period was maintained for four weeks. At the end of the feeding period, rats were euthanized by cardiac blood sampling under anesthesia. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in testis tissue were determined and calculated as nmol/mg protein. In addition, Prosta-glandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 (PTGS2) and Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRF2) genes expression levels were determined in testis tissue. While MDA and gene expression levels were found similar in groups, a positive correlation was found between PTGS2 and NRF2 genes (r=0.629; P<0.05). The molecular regulation of oxidative sta-tus was found strongly related with PTGS2 and NRF2 genes molecular activity in testis of rats. The obtained results were shown that the feeding period and restriction rate factors were mainly responsible for the oxidative status of testis tissue.Öğe Expression Patterns of Some Lipogenic Genes and Fatty Acid Profile of Liver in Food-Restricted Rats(2023) Özkan, Hüseyin; Karaaslan, İrem; Kaya, Ufuk; Dalkıran, Sevda; Alakuş, İbrahim; Çamdeviren, Baran; Keçeli, Hasan HüseyinThis study aimed to determine food restriction effects on the profile of fatty acids and major genes on lipogenesis expressions in liver. 16 Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups and different diets were given to groups for 4-weeks. First group was fed ad libitum (Control group), another group was fed the half amount of the daily requirement (Food Restriction group, FR). As well as weekly food consumption and body weight changes, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglyceride levels were determined at the end of the feeding period. In addition to the fatty acid profile, FASN and SCD-1 genes expression levels were measured in the liver. While the body weight averages decreased after 7 days and remained similar, plasma glucose levels were found lower in the FR. FASN was upregulated approximately 6 folds, and SCD-1 increased insignificantly about 3 folds in the FR. C15:0, C18:1 n9 trans, C18:2 n6 cis, C21:0, C20:2, C20:5 n3, n6 and UFA were lower, while C16:0, C18:2 n6 trans, C20:3 n6, C22:6 n3, C22:1 n9, C22:2 and SFA were higher in FR. In addition to considering the exposure time and rate of food restriction, molecular activity and interactions in other metabolic organs should be investigated.Öğe İç Anadolu'da entansif olarak yetiştirilen Akkaraman koyunlarından laktasyon süresince elde edilen sütlerin insan beslenme ihtiyaçlarını karşılama düzeyleri(Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, 2022) Karaaslan, İrem; Masatcıoğlu, Mustafa TuğrulTez, Akkaraman koyun ırkının laktasyonun farklı dönemlerinde (erken, orta ve geç), iki farklı yaş grubunda (≤4 ve ≥5 yaş) ve doğum şeklinde (tekiz ve çoğul) süt kalitesi, mineral madde düzeyi ve yağ asidi kompozisyonunun ortaya konulması ve süt ürünleri teknolojisinde kullanılabilme olanakları ile ilişkilendirilmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmaya 52 baş koyun dâhil edilerek yaş (≤4 yaş (n=20) ve ≥5 yaş (n=32)) ve doğum şekline (tekiz (n=22) ve çoğul (n=30)) göre gruplandırılmıştır. Doğumlardan sonra 7±1 gün (erken laktasyon dönemi), 45-50. gün (orta laktasyon dönemi) ve 95-100. gün (geç laktasyon dönemi) olacak şekilde laktasyon boyunca toplam üç kez süt örneği alınmıştır. Laktasyonun erken, orta ve geç dönemlerinde sırasıyla pH: 6,77; 6,65 ve 6,63 (P<0,001), Somatik hücre sayısı (SCC): 207,34x103 ml-1; 157,26x103 ml-1 ve 150,65x103 ml-1 (P<001), yağ: %9,85; 5,36 ve 4,28 (P<0,001), yağsız kuru madde (YKM): %10,24; 10,89 ve 11,62 (P<0,001) ve malondialdehit (MDA): 17,73 nmol/ml; 26,38 nmol/ml ve 33,61 nmol/ml (P<0,001) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu hali ile laktasyon dönemi süt kalite parametreleri üzerinde etkili olmuştur. Sütteki mineral madde ve ağır metaller üzerinde laktasyon dönemi etkili olmuştur. P, Mg, K, Al, Cr, Fe, Ni ve Ca için en yüksek değerler laktasyonun orta döneminde elde edilmiştir (P<0,01; P<0,001). Cu düzeyi laktasyon ile birlikte azalırken (P<0,05), As, Se ve Pb düzeyleri artmıştır (P<0,01; P<0,001). Laktasyon dönemi hemen tüm yağ asitleri üzerinde etkili olmuştur (P<0,05; P<0,01; P<0,001). Yağ asitlerinden elde edilen indeks değerlerden PUFA oranı (%2,94; 3,02 ve 3,43) (P<0,01), n3 oranı (%0,73; 0,88 ve 1,38) (P<0,001) ve NV (1,15; 1,05 ve 1,43) (P<0,01) laktasyon ilerledikçe artmış, n6/n3 oranı (3,09; 3,04 ve 1,49), AI değeri (3,04; 2,72 ve 2,66) ve TI değeri (2,68; 2,44 ve 2,27) azalmıştır. Akkaraman koyunlarından laktasyonun geç dönemlerinde elde edilen sütlerin insan beslenmesi ve gıda teknolojisinde kullanım bakımından daha iyi değerlere sahip olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Diğer taraftan yaş ve doğum şeklinin sütün bileşiminde ve kalite kriterlerinde önemli bir değişikliğe sebep olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.Öğe A Method Validation Procedure for Some Quality Parameters in Goat Milk(2020) Karaaslan, İrem; Çamdeviren, Baran; Özkan, Hüseyin; Yakan, AkınGoat milk has great importance in human health and nutrition. It may be used to manufacture wide variety of products due to its chemical characteristics. In this study, an easy and quick method for the analysis of fat, fat-free dry matter (FFDM), lactose, protein percentage, electrical conductivity, freezing point and density in milk was validated. The repeatability values determined by the operators were 4.65 and 4.68 for lactose; 3.10 for protein, 4.38 and 4.33 for fat; 8.52 and 8.55 for FFDM. The same values for reproducibility were 4.78; 3.17 and 3.18; 4.38 and 4.39; 8.73 and 8.75, respectively. There was no significant difference between the data obtained by the operators in all parameters subject to the study (P>0.05). Horwitz ratio (HorRat) was used as comparison for reproducibility. HorRat values are required to be less than 2. HorRat values determined in all parameters measured in this study were between 0.25 and 0.94. Finally, the expanded uncertainty and the combined standard uncertainty were calculated. By the way, the present study provided a fast, and reliable protocol for these analysis. Further research is needed to gain knowledge on the suitability and advantages of the usage of validated method approach for different goat milk components.Öğe Milk Traits of Damascus Goats at Different Lactation Stages: 1. Somatic Cell Counts and Milk Quality Parameters(2020) Özkan, Hüseyin; Yakan, Akın; Çamdeviren, Baran; Karaaslan, İremIn this study, milk of healthy 20 goats in the 3rd-4thlactation periods was analyzed in different lactation stages. While milk pH, fat, fat-free dry matter, protein, lactose and freezing point were similar between groups in all lactation stages, electrical conductivity and Somatic Cell Count (SCC) increased with the continuation of lactation (P<0.05; P<0.001). Nonspecific relations were found between SCC and electrical conductivity in mastitis-free goats. Also, correlations were found between milk quality parameters and different lactation stages at the significant levels (P<0.05, P<0.01). There was a positive correlation between SCC and milk fat in early lactation (r=0.619; P<0.05). On the other hand, a negative correlation was found between freezing point and electrical conductivity in the late lactation (r=-0.474; P<0.05). It was understood that milk composition and especially SCC values were different in different stag-es of lactation in Damascus goats.The relationship between the components of milk was found to be related to the lactation period. As a result, while the chemical composition of milk did not change during the lactation, it was conclud-ed that the milk produced in the early lactation had lower SCC and electrical conductivity values than in the other lacta-tion stages, and the milk produced in early lactation stage was higher quality.Öğe Milk Traits of Damascus Goats at Different Lactation Stages: 2. Fatty Acid Profiles and Related Lipogenic Genes Expression Levels(2020) Özkan, Hüseyin; Yakan, Akın; Karaaslan, İrem; Çamdeviren, BaranIn the present study, goat milk fatty acid profile and some of the lipogenic genes activities in milk somatic cells were evaluated during the lactation periods in Damascus goats. Relationship between fatty acid profile and lipo-genic genes during the lactation were also investigated. The lactation periods of goats were divided to three stages as early, mid and late lactation. Beside fatty acid profile, FASN, SCD, ACACA, SREBPF1,andPPAR? genes expression levels were determined in milk. It was determined that fatty acid contents of milk samples changed during the lactation (P<0.05). FASNand SCDgene expression levels were downregulated in mid and late lactation stages (P<0.05). While ACACAwas almost 3 folds upregulated in mid lactation stage (P<0.05), SREBPF1 was approximately 9 folds downreg-ulated in late lactation stage (P<0.01). Also, significant correlations were found between fatty acids and lipogenic genes in different lactation stages (P<0.05). In conclusion, it was determined that Damascus goats showed different metabolic activities in different stages of lactation in terms of both fatty acid profile and some lipogenic genes. It was thought that more studies at the molecular level is needed for understanding the complex milk fatty acid profile mechanism of goats.
