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Öğe Agricultural residues potential of Hatay(Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, 2019) Karaca, CengizAims: The aim of this study was to determine the biomass potential and the energy value, being produced from agricultural residues in Hatay province. Methods and Results: The amounts of residues from the agricultural crops cultivated in Hatay province were calculated using production data of crops with Turkish Statistical Institute for the 2018 seasonal years. The annual gross potential of agricultural residues was determined by using residue to product ratio or residue per tree or residue per area. The total amount of agricultural residues was approximately 652.8 kt.year-1 . The total heating value of the agricultural residues was around 13.36 PJ.year1 . The top four districts of Hatay according to the amount of agricultural residues are Kırıkhan (181.6 kt), Center (158.8 kt), Reyhanlı (111.3 kt) and Kumlu (65.2 kt). The major crops included in the ratio of the total residues amount were cotton (65.5%), maize (14%), olive (13.3%) and citrus (10.9%). Conclusions: The potential of agricultural residues concentrated in the Kırıkhan and Center districts. However, there are also significantly different crop residues in other districts. Hatay have a great agricultural residues potential for conversion to energy. Such a large potential necessarily has to be evaluated by establishing modern facilities. Significance and Impact of the Study: In this paper, the produced maps were provided to see more clearly in the differences of data among the districts. The mapping can provide the rise of public awareness, policymakers’ reference and investor's guide about these subjects.Öğe THE BIOGAS POTENTIAL OF ANIMAL MANURE AND ITS GHG REDUCTION EFFECT IN KONYA PROVINCE, TURKEY(Vilnius Gediminas Tech Univ, 2023) Karaca, CengizThis study aims to assess the amount of biogas and value of energy produced from animal manure in Konya province. Therefore, the potential of biogas was calculated by considering the number of cattle, broilers, and laying hens. It was calculated that a total of 5.63 million tonnes of animal manure comprising 5.25 million tonnes of cattle manure, 1.07 thousand tonnes of broiler manure, and 382.38 thousand tonnes of laying hen manure could be taken from these animals in the province. 105.67 Mm3 biogas can be produced from the available amount of this manure. It was calculated that electric energy of approximately 266.53 GWhel can be produced from this biogas. Furthermore, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction was calculated to show the environmental benefits of biogas production from animal manure. Upon benefiting from the total of the calculated biogas potential, it was determined that CO2 emission reduction ranging from 1.04-1.57 million tonnes could be provided.Öğe Determination of biogas production potential from animal manure and GHG emission abatement in Turkey(Chinese Acad Agricultural Engineering, 2018) Karaca, CengizThis study was aimed to determine biogas amount and the energy value which can be made from animal manure in Turkey. For this purpose, biogas potential is calculated with the number of dairy cattle and laying hens taking into consideration, which have high availability manure. Turkey has a total of about 8.9 million dairy cattle and 98 million laying hens. Annual total 92.1 million tons of manure is obtained from these animals. There are 89.2 million tons of cattle manure and 2.9 million tons of laying hens manure. Annual 1.6 billion m 3 of biogas can be produced from the usable amount of this manure. The heating value of biogas produced from this manure is about 36.7 PJ. These values can provide 1.1% of Turkey's annual energy consumption (80.5 Mtoe). The distribution of these calculated data by province was mapped using a GIS Software's mapping option. When provinces are ranked according to the amount of biogas production, the top 10 are Konya, Erzurum, Izmir, Balikesir, Kars, Afyon, Diyarbakir, Aydin, Ankara and Agn. Furthermore, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission abatement was calculated for demonstrating the environmental benefits of the biogas production from animal manure. It was determined that the CO 2 emission abatement annually ranging between 17.2-25.3 million tons could be provided with the evaluation of biogas potential which is calculated.Öğe Determination of the relationship among air velocity, cooling efficiency and temperature decrease at a cellulose based evaporative cooling pad(Academic Journals, 2010) Dagtekin, Metin; Karaca, Cengiz; Sangun, Levent; Yildiz, YilmazThe aim of this study is to determine the relationship between air velocity, cooling efficiency and decrease of the temperature of the air passing the pad, at a cellulose based evaporative cooling pad and to gain handy information for the persons working on this subject. In the study, cellulose based evaporative cooling pad (CELdek R 7060-15) was handled as material. As for the velocity of air passing through the pad 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ms(-1) values were selected. Based on the measurement results, cooling efficiency and provided decrease of the temperature of the air passing the pad, were calculated. As a result of the research, cooling activities calculated between 3 different air velocities were found significant in the statistical sense ( p < 0.01) for the measurement periods except II. measurement periods. As for the temperature decrease, the difference between other measurement periods except II. and III. measurement periods, were also found significant. The highest cooling activity and temperature decreases were reached at 0.5 and 1.0 ms(-1) air velocities. It can be said that according to statistical data, optimal air velocity for the Mediterranean climatic conditions should be between 0.5 and 1.0 ms(-1), among the selected air velocities.Öğe Determining the Effect of Photovoltaic Module Surface Temperature on Generation Efficiency(Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2024) Karaca, Cengiz; Yaver, SerenIt is imperative to consider the environmental impact of energy production and its cost in deciding how to meet future energy needs. In this regard, it is possible to harness the power of the sun by using photovoltaic (PV) cells. However, when the temperature of a PV cell increases, its generation efficiency is negatively affected. The open-circuit voltage of PV modules is the most sensitive parameter to temperature changes. As the temperature rises, this parameter decreases, and the short-circuit current increases. The circuit's re-sistance also rises as the electrons’ speed is reduced. Temperature also affects the lifespan of PV cells, increasing the rate of thermal decay in their materials. On the other hand, when solar radiation is absorbed at lower temperatures, the system’s efficiency, power capacity, and useful life increase. PV module surface temperatures can be reduced in a variety of ways, e.g., the surface can be cooled using water. This work studied hybrid PV-thermal modules under the climate conditions of the Hatay province (Turkey) in order to assess the effect of water cooling on their generation efficiency. The results allow stating that up to 52.6% more electricity can be generated by cooling the module's surface. Additionally, it was found that, in order for PV modules to perform efficiently in Hatay's climate, they must operate at a maximum surface temperature of 55 °C. © 2024, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. All rights reserved.Öğe An economical, energetical and environmental management of olive oil production wastes(Bononia Univ Press, 2018) Karaca, Cengiz; Ozturk, HuseyinThis study evaluates the technical, economic and environmental results of energy exploitation from the waste of olive oil production. A case study of olive processing wastes was carried out for the fossil fuel substitution running scenario. The olive oil production plant in Turkey was investigated for a case study. The economic and financial assessment of the investment for waste utilization includes the calculation of the economic viability parameters. It was determined that the installation of a 5 MW combined heat and power production plant and electricity production is a very attractive investment. The values of discounted payback period, the net present value, the internal rate of return and the benefit to cost ratio were calculated as 3.68 years, 7,399,096 6; 30.36% and 3.43 for a combined heat and power production plant using waste from olive oil production.Öğe EFFECT OF WATER FLOW RATE ON COOLING EFFECTIVENESS AND AIR TEMPERATURE CHANGE IN EVAPORATIVE COOLING PAD SYSTEMS(Gh Asachi Technical Univ Iasi, 2016) Karaca, Cengiz; Yildiz, Yilmaz; Dagtekin, Metin; Gumus, ZekaiIn this study, it was aimed to determine the relationship between the temperature decrease of the air passing through the pad and flow rate of pad wetting water for pad evaporative cooling. In the experiments, a commercially available cellulose based evaporative cooling pad (CELdek (R) 7060-15 pad) was used. Experiments were conducted at three different water flow rates (2 L min(-1) m(-2); 4 L min(-1) m(-2) and 6 L min(-1) m(-2)) and two different air velocities (1.0 m sec(-1) and 1.5 m sec(-1)). The temperature decrease of the air passing through the pad and cooling effectiveness values were lowest at water flow rate of 6 L min(-1) m(-2) while they were close to each other at 4 L min(-1) m(-2) and 2 L min(-1) m(-2) water flow rates. The relationship between water flow rate and the temperature decrease of the air passing through the pad was found to be statistically insignificant, while the relationship between water flow rate and cooling effectiveness was statistically significant (P<0.01). It was concluded that it is impossible to build a mathematical model between water flow rates and temperature decrease of the air passing through the pad. However, the most appropriate water flow rate for the experimental conditions was considered 4 L min(-1) m(-2).Öğe The effects of air velocity on the performance of pad evaporative cooling systems(Academic Journals, 2011) Dagtekin, Metin; Karaca, Cengiz; Yildiz, Yilmaz; Bascetincelik, Ali; Paydak, OmerThe aim of this study is to determine the relationship that is found among the velocity of the air passing through the pad, the obtained decrease at the temperature of the air passing the pad and the cooling efficiency at the cellulose based evaporative cooling pad, and be of help to the people who designed and operate these systems. In this study, cellulose based evaporative cooling pad (CELdek (R)7060-15, Munters AB, Kista, Sweden) was used and the tests conducted were completed at 2 periods. Air velocities were determined as 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ms(-1) at the first period, and 0.75, 1.25 and 1.75 ms(-1) at the second period. The water flow rate at the air velocities, chosen for both periods, was selected as 4 Lmin(-1)m(-2). As a result of the research, it was determined that it was not possible to make a mathematical connection among velocities of the air passing through the pad, obtained decrease at the temperature of the air passing the pad and the cooling efficiency. However, it can be said that the most appropriate air velocity for the pad used in the test should be higher than 0.5 ms(-1) and lower than 1.5 ms(-1).Öğe Energy Analysis in Olive Production in Turkey: An Example of Hatay Province(Springer, 2023) Karaca, Cengiz; Aydinli, HasanRepresenting abundance, peace, health and even immortality for thousands of years, the adventure of the olive tree until it came to our table from the soil has only been subject to minor changes over the years. Developing technology, increasing demand for energy, and economic difficulties force us to perform yield analyses and produce more efficient production. For this reason, this study aims to calculate the energy consumption required during the maintenance process of the olive tree up to harvest period to make an input-output analysis. This study was prepared from the data collected in the questionnaire and answers from olive producers in the Altinozu district of Hatay province, Turkey. With this study, the total energy input of olive production was calculated as 16,764.55 MJ ha(-1), and the total energy output was calculated as 47,521.55 MJ ha(-1). The energy input-output ratio is 2.83; the specific energy value is 4.15 MJ kg(-1), and net energy is 30,757 MJ ha(-1). In olive production, the highest rate of use among total energy inputs was found to be nitrogen fertilizer energy with 45.85%.Öğe Hatay iklim koşullarında süt sığırı yetiştiriciliğinde ısı stresinin alansal dağılımı ve uygulanacak tedbirler(2021) Karaca, CengizAmaç: Bu çalışmada Hatay il merkezi ve ilçelerinde ısı stresi göstergesi olan Sıcaklık-Nem İndeksi (THI) değerlerinin dağılımının belirlenmesi ve haritalanması yanında, ısı stresi oluşan bölgeler için, bu durumun etkilerini azaltacak uygulamalar hakkında bilgilendirme yapılması amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem ve Bulgular: Meteorolojinin ölçüm noktalarından alına aylık sıcaklık ortalama ve nem değerleri kullanılarak Sıcaklık-Nem İndeksi (THI) değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen THI değerlerinin Hatay ilindeki dağılımı, ArcMap programının enterpolasyon özelliği kullanılarak haritalanmıştır.Genel Yorum: Hatay ili ve ilçeler için uzun yıllar ortalama iklim değerlerine göre hesaplanan THI değerlerine bakıldığında, ilin Antakya, İskenderun, Samandağ, Arsuz, Kırıkhan ve Dörtyol ilçeleri ve çevresinde yaz aylarının tamamında ısı stresi sınır değerinin aşıldığı görülmüştür. Özellikle Temmuz ve Ağustos aylarında Yayladağ haricindeki bütün ilçelerde sınır değerin aşıldığı ve hatta tehlikeli sınırları aştığı belirlenmiştir. Yayladağ ilçesinde ise yaz aylarında ısı stresinin oluşmadığı görülmüştür. Bu nedenle Yayladağ dışındaki bütün ilçelerde yapılacak olan süt sığırcılığı yetiştiriciliğinde ısı stresini önleyici tedbirlerin (gölgeleme, nemlendirmeli serinletme, rasyon ayarlaması, soğuk ve kaliteli içme suyu temini, yemleme saatlerinin değişimi, ve ahırlardaki uygulamaların yeniden planlanması gibi) işletmelerde kullanılması ve planlama aşamasında projelere dahil edilmesinin gerekli olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Isı stresi, süt sığırlarında süt üretimini azaltan birincil faktör olarak kabul edilir ve sonuçta dünya çapında hayvancılık çiftçileri için ciddi ekonomik kayıplara neden olur. Isı stresi sadece süt üretimini azaltmakla kalmaz, aynı zamanda sütün çeşitli bileşenlerini değiştirerek sütün kalitesini de etkiler. Bu nedenle ısı stresi durumunun işletmelerde kontrol edilip önlemlerinin dikkatle uygulanması önemli bir konudur.Öğe Hatay ili pirina atık miktarının ve enerji potansiyelinin haritalanması(2015) Karaca, Cengiz; Bozoğlu, Burcu; Polat, OnurBu çalışmanın amacı, Hatay ilindeki zeytinyağı fabrikası atıklarından olan pirinanın potansiyelini haritalayarak, bu atıkların değerlendirilmesi konusunda yapılacak olan yatırımlar için bir ön çalışma oluşturmaktır. Bu amaçla Hatay ilinin ilçelere göre yağlık zeytin üretiminin son beş yıllık ortalaması TÜİK veri tabanı kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Hesaplamalar sonucunda elde edilen atık miktarları ve ısıl değerleri kullanılarak Hatay'ın ilçeler bazında atık miktarı ve enerji potansiyeli haritalanması yapılmıştır. Hatay'ın yakacak olarak kullanılabilecek durumdaki pirina atık miktarı yaklaşık 18 bin ton, bunun enerji değeri ise 320 TJ olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu atıkların %45'i Altınözü ve Antakya ilçelerinde bulunmaktadır.Öğe Hatay ilinde yakacak olarak kullanılan pirina briketinin kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2019) Hatipoğlu, Kadriye; Karaca, CengizÇalışmada; Hatay ilinde yakacak olarak satışa sunulan pirinanın kalite özellikleri ve Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı’nın yayınladığı katı yakıtların kontrolü tebliğinde Ek-1 Katı Yakıt Özellikleri tanımlarında Pirina Briketi Özelliklerine uygun olup olmadığı kontrol edilmiştir. Bu amaçlarla materyal olarak çeşitli işletmelerden alınan pirinanın özgül kütle, nem içeriği, yağ miktarı, Na içeriği, su alma direnci, deformasyon kuvveti direnci, ısıl değer, kül içeriği ve elementel analizi yapılmıştır. Belirlenen bu özelliklere göre işleme lisansına sahip imalatçılar tarafından üretilen briketlerin tebliğde belirtilen değerlere uygun olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Fakat üretim lisansı olmayan üreticiler tarafından üretilen prina briketlerinin yağ içeriği ve ısıl değer özellikleri bakımından tebliğe uymadığı belirlenmiştir. Lisanssız yakacak prina briketi üretimi sonucunda yaklaşık 1000 ton zeytinyağı kaybının oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca briketlerin bazı fiziksel özelliklerine bakıldığında lisanssız üretimin lisanslı üretilen briketlerden daha kötü bir briketleme kalitesine sahip oldukları görülmüştür.Öğe Mapping of energy potential through annual crop residues in Turkey(Chinese Acad Agricultural Engineering, 2015) Karaca, CengizThe objective of this study was to determine the annual crop residue potential in terms of types, quantities and mapping in Turkey. The calorific values of agricultural residues were determined by calorimeter according to ASTM D 5865 Standard Test Method for Coal and Coke 2002. In this study, the energy potential of annual crop residues was evaluated by ArcGIS (TM) which is a geographical information system program. The total amount of unused annual crop residues was approximately 15.24 Mt/a. It was found that the total calorific value of the field crop residues was around 268 PJ/a for the 2012 production period in Turkey. The major crops included in the ratio of the total calorific value were maize (45.81%), wheat (21.30%), sunflower (15.10%) and cotton (18.1%). The amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere can be reduced by 30 Mt/a year through the use of agricultural residues.
