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    Determination of Virulence Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Meat and Surface Samples of Different Animal Species
    (2023) Karahan, Murat; Şahin, Seyda; Moğulkoç, Mahmut Niyazi; Kalın, Recep
    Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) which is a crucial pathogen both for human and animals, one of the causative agent of food poisonings. In this study, significant virulence genes (coagulase (coa), clumping factor (clfA), and protein A (spa-IgG:spa-x)) in S. aureus strains isolated from meats of various animal species (beef, sheep, goat, and chicken) and food contact surfaces were characterized via molecular methods. With this aim, meat (n=400) and surface swap (50) samples from various premises were collected in Sivas province. Using phenotypic methods, samples were found to be coagulase positive S. aureus isolates. Coagulase-positive isolates were tested for virulence genes using a single or multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In total, S. aureus was found in 110 (24.4%) of the 450 samples examined. S. aureus was detected 29%, 24%, 14%, 32% and 22% in cattle, sheep, goat and chicken meat samples as well as swab samples, respectively. coa, clfA, IgG binding region of spa, and X region coding genes were detected in all samples. Polymorphisms were observed in two of these four gen regions. In coa-PCR, all isolates had a single band formation with five distinct molecular lengths ranging from 500 to 1400 bp. In spa-X-PCR, all isolates had a single band formation with seven distinct molecular lengths ranging from 190 to 350 bp. As consequently, it is thought that detecting spa gene polymorphisms by coa-PCR in S. aureus isolates from meat and surfaces can be regarded as a good alternative to traditional methods, contributing to the development of effective staphylococcal infection control strategies and public health protection.
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    Investigation on Antimicrobial Resistance Levels of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Bovine Fecal Samples and Comparison with Guidelines of the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST)
    (2023) Kalın, Recep; Karagülle, Burcu; Açık, Mehmet Nuri; Karahan, Murat; Öztürk, Yasin; Çetinkaya, Burhan
    This study was carried out to investigate the antibiotic resistance levels of Escherichia coli isolates of bovine origin and to compare the results with CLSI and EUCAST guideline values. For this purpose, 97 E. coli strains isolated from fecal samples of cattle in 12 different farms were tested against 32 antibiotics by using the disk diffusion method. The zone diameters of 13 antibiotics examined within the scope of the study were compared according to the CLSI and EUCAST 2020 guidelines, and their consistency levels were evaluated statistically. The highest resistance rates in E. coli isolates were determined against tetracycline (68%), streptomycin (63.9%), ampicillin (58.8%), and doxycycline (50.5%) antibiotics. On the other hand, the isolates were found to be highly susceptible to amikacin and cephalosporin group antibiotics. When CLSI and EUCAST guidelines were compared, it was found that there were statistically significant differences between the resistance rates of nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, and amikacin. Only 10 (10.3%) of the isolates were detected to be susceptible to all the antibiotics tested, whereas 17.5% were resistant to 10 or more antibiotics. The results of this study showed that E. coli isolates of bovine origin were highly resistant against antibiotics used in the field for a long period, especially the number of isolates with multiple antibiotic resistance was striking. It was concluded that due to substantial inconsistencies between the CLSI and EUCAST guidelines for some antibiotics such as amikacin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamicin, there is an urgent need to execute necessary updates in both guidelines.
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    Ördeklere Farklı Dozlarda Tolfenamik Asit Uygulamasının Biyokimyasal Parametrelere Etkisi
    (2024) Çorum, Orhan; Coşkun, Devran; Karahan, Murat; Çorum, Duygu Durna
    Bu çalışmanın amacı ördeklere tolfenamik asitin farklı dozlarda damar içi yolla uygulaması sonrası biyokimyasal parametrelerdeki değişimi ortaya koymaktır. Toplam 18 adet sağlıklı ördek 3 doz grubuna ayrıldı. Tolfenamik asit ördeklere 2 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg ve 8 mg/kg dozda damar içi yolla uygulandı. Kan örnekleri 0., 12., 24. ve 48. saatlerde brachial venden alındı. Kan örneklerinden elde edilen serumlardan kreatinin, üre, total protein, albümin, kolesterol, trigliserid, gamma glutamiltransferaz (GGT), alkalen fosfataz (ALP), alanin aminotransferaz (ALT) ve aspartat aminotransferaz (AST) seviyeleri otoanalizör cihazında belirlendi. Tolfenamik asitin artan dozlarda damar içi uygulaması ördekler tarafından iyi tolere edildi. Tolfenamik asitin farklı dozlardan uygulaması AST, ALP, GGT, albümin, total protein, kolesterol, üre ve kreatinin değerlerinde herhangi bir farklılığa neden olmadı (p>0.05). Tolfenamik asitin tüm dozları ALT ve trigliserid düzeylerinde önemli değişikliklere neden oldu (p <0.05). Sonuç olarak tolfenamik asit ördeklerde genel olarak iyi tolere edildi. Ancak, tolfenamik asitin farklı dozlarda uygulamalarının ardından güvenilirliğinin hematolojik, moleküler ve histopatolojik sonuçlarla ortaya konulmasına ihtiyaç vardır.