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    Bootstrap and Jackknife Parameter Estimation of the Models Fitting to Lactation Milk Yield (2x305) on Calving Age
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2008) Sahinler, Suat; Karakok, Serap Goncu
    To predict lactation milk yield as dependent upon calving age 5 of the best-known mathematical models based on least squares, bootstrap and jackknife regression were fitted to data and several criteria based on the analysis were used to compare models. The second order, Ali and Schaffer and Wood models were determined better than other models, first one being the best in view of R-2, AIC and BIC and the best fitting method was the bootstrap.
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    The Effect of Straw Bedding Usage in Loose Housing Systems on Behavior and Milk Production of Holstein Dairy Cows
    (Medwell Online, 2009) Karakok, Serap Goncu; Uslucan, Bedriye; Tapki, Ibrahim; Gokce, Gokhan
    Thirty one Holstein Friesian cows were allocated to two groups. For a period of 7 weeks, twice a week, the behavior of each cow was registered for 9 h (07:00, 09.00, 10.00, 11.00,13:00, 14.00, 15.00, 17.00 and 19:00 h) eating, drinking, ruminating, standing, resting, locomotor and other behaviors were recorded. The frequencies of eating, drinking, ruminating, standing, resting, locomotor and other behaviors for bedding and nonbedding usage groups were 32.9 and 34.6% (p>0.05); 1.7, 2.6% (p<0.01); 20.3 and 20.5% (p>0.05); 20.5 and 28.4% (p<0.01); 14.8 and 7.9% (p<0.01); 8.5 and 4.4% (p<0.01) and 1.7 and 1.5% (p>0.05), respectively. The percentage of the eating behavior of cows of the bedding group at 9:00, 11:00, 13:00 and 17:00 observations were higher than the nonbedding group, while the other results at different observation hours show reverse results. As a result, the amount of time cows spend resting is higher in the bedding group, which is considered to significantly influence their comfort level. Resting behavior is an indicator of animal welfare and as such, this result suggests that bedding usage in loose housing systems provides a more comfortable and socially interactive environment that satisfies conditions of a more positive animal experience.