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Analysis of occupational accidents and musculoskeletal system problems of butchers in Hatay
(Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, 2021) Öz, Fatma; Akkuş, Tuğçe; Keskin, Mahmut; Hallaçeli, Hasan
Although musculoskeletal system injuries are frequently seen in the area of meat industry, studies on this topic are insufficient. The purpose of this study it to identify the occupational accidents and musculoskeletal problems of butcher shop workers in the city of Hatay. A survey consisting of 32 questions was given to 69 butchers who work in the city of Hatay with 38.20±1.32 in a face-to-face interview. Their social status, activities in the butcher shop, past injuries and activities after their injuries were questioned with the survey. It was determined that the butchers were most frequently injured in their hand and finger area (60.9%). It was determined that 40.6% of the butchers had an accident in the last 5 years; their injuries were mostly non-dominant hand injuries and infections were seen in 15.9% of the butchers after their injuries. It was found that the most frequent injuries took place during the hanging of carcasses; carelessness played an important role in getting injured; use of sharp tools led to injuries in 97.1% of the butchers and that 2.9% of the butchers were left with permanent handicaps after their injuries. It was determined that hand-finger injuries and back pain complaints were frequently seen in butcher shop workers and that they do not use any protective equipment to avoid injuries. Therefore, it was concluded that the necessary analyses need to be done on the butcher shop workers and that training should be provided for them on protective precautions and posture problems. © 2021 Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi. All rights reserved.
Changes in gross chemical compositions of ewe and goat colostrum during ten days postpartum
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2007) Keskin, Mahmut; Guler, Zehra; Gul, Sabri; Bicer, Osman
This study was carried out to determine the exact 'Colostrum producing period' in Awassi ewes and Shami (Damascus) goats in Hatay province of Turkiye based on changes in gross composition of milk during 10 days postpartum. Goats produced high crude protein and fat milk for 3-5 days postpartum. Whereas, in ewes it was 3 days. Ewe's colostrum was richer in respect to total solids (TS), crude protein (CP), fat, lactose and ash as compared to goat's colostrum. It is recommended that first three days milk (colostrum) must be fed to kids / lambs for maximum benefits.
A comparative stud on the milk yield and milk composition of two different goat genotypes under the climate of the Eastern Mediterranean
(2004) Keskin, Mahmut; Avşar, Yahya Kemal; Biçer, Osman; Güler, Mutlu Buket
Bu çalışmada, düşük süt verimi ve kısa laktasyon süresine sahip olan Kıl keçiye alternatif olarak Damaskus (Şam) keçileri ile Alman Alaca x Kıl keçi (G1) melezlerinin, Akdeniz şartlarındaki, laktasyon süt verimleri ve süt kompozisyonları karşılaştırılmıştır. Süt kontrolleri, 240 günlük laktasyon boyunca İCAR A4 metoduna göre 28 gün ara ile yapılmıştır. Laktasyonun 60. günündeki sütten kesimden sonra 28 gün ara ile süt örnekleri toplanmış ve süt bileşenlerinin tespiti için analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar iki ırkın süt verimi ve süt bileşenleri arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli farklılıklar olmadığını göstermiştir. Çalışmada, ortalama süt verimi, kuru madde, protein, yağ, laktoz ve kül içerikleri Şam keçileri ve melezler için sırası ile, 347,6 ± 19,05 ve 316,8 ± 35,61 it, 12,2 ± 0,16 ve 12,4 ± 0,28 (%), 3,5 ± 0,07 ve 3,4 ± 0,11 (%), 4,3 ± 0,12 ve 4,1 ± 0,23 (%), 3,6 ± 0,08 ve 4,2 ± 0,11 (%), 0,77 ± 0,02 ve 0,72 ± 0,03 (%), olarak saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak Türkiye'nin Akdeniz bölgesinde keçi sütü üretimini artırmak için hem Şam keçileri hem de melezler tavsiye edilebilir. Çünkü, çalışmada her iki ırkın süt verimleri de Kıl keçi için yapılmış olan literatür bildirişlerinden daha yüksek bulunmuştur.
Comparison of The Growth Characteristics of Alpine X Damascus Crossbred and Damascus Kids
(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2022) Mutlukoca, Gizem; Keskin, Mahmut
Alpine and Damascus goats were crossbred in a private goat farm established in Adana that engaged in raising Damascus goat in order to develop a goat genotype that will give more milk in the hot and humid climate in summer of cukurova region. In this study, the growth characteristics between birth and weaning of the crossbred kids were compared with Damascus kids. The animal material for the study consisted of 136 head of pure Damascus goats and 32 head of Damascus goats crossbred with Alpine goat as well as their kids. The kids were fed with their dams' milk (average 0.70 litre / head / day) for the first 15 days after birth. After this period, a mixture containing 60% goat milk and 40% kid food was used in the feeding of the kids. Kids that given kid rearing concentrate and alfalfa hay after 10th days age were weaned at the age of 60 days. At the end of the study, birth weights, weaning weights and survival rate at weaning of the crossbred and Damascus kids were determined as 2.5 +/- 0.07 kg and 2.7 +/- 0.05 kg (P <0.05), 10.3 +/- 0.11 kg and 9.5 +/- 0.06 kg (P <0.01), 75.6% and %86.3, respectively. In conclusion; Damascus goats had more live weight at birth, but this difference was reversed at weaning. On the other hand, the average survival rate was lower in the crossbreeds.
Doğu Akdeniz bölgesi koşullarında farklı koyun ırklarının bazı adaptasyon özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması
(Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, 2019) Yavuz, Cüneyt; Keskin, Mahmut; Gül, Sabri
Amaç: Bu çalışma Amik Ovası koşullarında Kıvırcık, Konya Merinosu ve İvesi kuzularının adaptasyon özelliklerini tespit edilmesi, Kıvırcık ve Konya Merinosu koyunlarının bölge koşullarına uygunluğunun belirlenmesi amacı ile yapılmıştır. Yöntem ve Bulgular: Çalışmanın hayvan materyalini, her bir ırktan yedişer baş, erkek ve tekiz kuzular oluşturmuştur. Kuzulara %80 kuzu besi yemi ve %20 yonca otundan oluşan karma yem verilmiştir. Deneme Mayıs-Temmuz arasında yapılmıştır. Deneme süresince adaptasyon parametrelerinden solunum hızı, nabız hızı ve rektal sıcaklık değerleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu amaçla haftada iki gün (Salı-Cuma), saat 08.00, 12.00 ve 17.00’de ölçümler yapılmıştır. Genel Yorum: Deneme sonunda kuzularda solunum sayısı, nabız sayısı ve rektal sıcaklık değerlerinin gün içerisinde değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Kıvırcık ve Konya Merinosu kuzularının adaptasyon mekanizmaları bakımından zorlanmadan Amik ovası koşullarında besisinin yapılabildiği belirlenmiştir.
Effects of Age, Body Region and Mineral Contents on the Fleece Characteristics of Central Anatolian Merino Sheep
(E.U. Printing And Publishing House, 2022) Behrem, Sedat; Keskin, Mahmut; Gul, Sabri; Unay, Engin; Erisek, Abdulkadir
The fibre characteristics of fleece determine its fate through the textile industry. Parameters such as diameter, length, elasticity and strength define the functional quality of fleece. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate effects of different environmental factors as well as wool mineral contents on fleece fibre quality traits in Central Anatolian Merino sheep (CAM). Additionally, the mineral contents of CAM fleece were investigated. For this purpose, 300 samples were equally collected from 3 different body regions (shoulder, rib and rump) of 100 animals from five different age groups. Samples were analysed for fibre quality (diameter, length, elasticity and strength) traits and mineral contents (calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, copper, manganese and zinc). A wide range of statistical relationships were found among the focused traits and those factors. The findings of this study highlight the importance of minerals as well as environmental factors on fleece qualityparameters.
Effects of breed and lactation period on some characteristics and free fatty acid composition of raw milk from Damascus goats and German fawn x Hair goat B1 crossbreds
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2007) Gueler, Zehra; Keskin, Mahmut; Masatcioglu, Tugrul; Gul, Sabri; Bicer, Osman
The effects of breed and period of lactation on milk composition were investigated. For this purpose, 8 crossbred (3/4 German fawn 1/4 Hair goat) and 10 Damascus goats were kept under identical management conditions. Lactation period affected milk yield and milk composition in both goat breeds. Milk yield, lactation duration, and mean solid and fat values showed differences between the breeds. The mean values of total solid and fat of milk during lactation were 13.82 +/- 0.294% and 4.55 +/- 0.223% for the crossbreds, and 12.90 +/- 0.179% and 4.02 +/- 0.142% for Damascus goats, respectively. Although the percentages of short-chain free fatty acids (FFAs) (C-4 to C-8) in the milk of both breeds did not change during lactation, the other FFAs (C-10-C-18:3) significantly varied (P <= 0.05, P <= 0.01). The results showed that hexadecanoic (C-16), 9-octadecenoic (C-18:1), octadecanoic (C-18.), tetradecanoic (C-14)()), decanoic (C-10), and decanoic (C-12) FFAs were the most predominant FFAs in the milk of both breeds from March through September, but octadecanoic acid and tetradecanoic acid shifted during the last 2 months of lactation.
Effects of breed and lactation period on some characteristics and free fatty acid composition of raw milk from Damascus Goats and German Fawn × Hair goat B1 crossbreds
(2007) Güler, Zehra; Masatcıoğlu, Tuğrul; Keskin, Mahmut; Gül, Sabri; Biçer, Osman
Bu çalışmada, ırk ve laktasyon peryodunun süt kompozisyonu üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaç için 8 Alman Alaca X Kıl keçi melezleri ve 10 Şam keçisi aynı şartlar altında yetiştirilmiştir. Laktasyon periyodu, her iki keçi ırkında süt verimi ve kompozisyonu etkiledi. Bunun yanı sıra süt verimi, laktasyon süresi, ortalama kurumadde ve yağ içeriği de ırklar arasında farklılıklar gösterdi. Melez ve Şam keçilerinin laktasyon süresince ortalama kurumadde ve yağ değerleri sırasıyla % 13,8 ü 0,294; % 4,55 ü 0,223 ve % 12,90 ü 0,179; % 4,02 ü 0,142 olarak belirlenmiştir. Laktasyon süresince her iki ırkın sürlerindeki kısa zincirli yağ asit (C4 - C8) yüzdeleri değişmemesine rağmen diğer yağ asitleri (C10 - C18:3) önemli düzeyde değişmiştir (P ??0,05, P ??0,01). Mart ayından Eylül’e kadar her iki ırkdaki en önemli yağ asitlerini yüzdelerini heksadekanoik (C16), 9-oktadekenoik (C18:1), oktadekanoik (C18), tetradekanoik (C14), dekanoik (C10) ve dokenoik (C12) oluşturmuştur. Fakat laktasyonun son iki ayında tetradekanoik asit yüzdesi oktadekanoik asitten daha fazla olmuştur.
Effects of Environmental Factors on Growth Performance of Kilis Goat in Gaziantep Province
(2022) Gül, Sabri; Keskin, Mahmut; Kaya, Şerafettin
The study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal age, birth type, gender, birth month and birth season on birth weight, weaning weight and average daily gain of Kilis goat kids reared in Gaziantep province. This study evaluated a total of 14956 kids born in 2019 and 2020 participating in the national project named \"Improvement of Kilis Goat under Farm Conditions\". The result showed an average birth weight of 3.5±0.01 kg, a weaning weight of 15.2±0.02 kg and an average daily gain of 193.4 g. Maternal age, sex, the month of birth, and year also affected mean birth weight, weaning weight, and daily gain (P<0.01).
Effects of feed refreshing frequency on behavioural responses of Awassi lambs
(2010) Keskin, Mahmut; Şahin, Ahmet; Gül, Sabri; Biçer, Osman
Sixty 2-month-old, male Awassi lambs were used in this study to investigate the effects of feed refreshing frequencies on behavioural responses of lambs. Treatments consisted of feed refreshing at intervals of 2 h (FR2), 4 h (FR4), 8 h (FR8), 12 h (FR12), and 24 h (FR24). Each lamb within each group kept individually was considered a replicate. All lambs were offered fresh feed ad libitum in each refreshing period for 56 days. Behavioural responses of the lambs were determined individually by monitoring the animals 2 days a week for 30 min at 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 16:00, 18:00, 20:00, 22:00, 24:00, 02:00, 04:00, 06:00 and 08:00 at 5 min intervals. At the end of the study, 25.8%, 20.9%, 18.5%, 14.9%, and 14.6% eating behaviour; 9.6%, 11.5%, 12.3%, 12.8%, and 12.4% ruminating behaviour; 30.4%, 34.3%, 28.2%, 31.3%, and 36.6% standing behaviour; and 29.4%, 28%, 36.3%, 36.8%, and 32.1% resting behaviour were recorded as percentages of daily observed activities of lambs in the FR2, FR4, FR8, FR12, and FR24 groups, respectively. In conclusion, lambs that were offered fresh feed more frequently showed more eating behaviour but less ruminating and standing behaviour. It can be claimed that offering fresh feed 3 times a day will improve the welfare of lambs, with less standing and more resting behaviour.
Effects of milk replacer on kid growth and farm profitability in the Shami goat
(2002) Keskin, Mahmut; Biçer, Osman
This experiment was conducted to compare the kid growth and doe milk production under kid suckling and milk replacer (MR) regimes. Thirty does with single kids were randomly assigned into two equal groups (15 kids per group): the control group, where kids suckled freely, and the MR group, where kids were fed with MR containing 21% fat and 22% protein. Kids were weighed at birth, at 15, 30, and 45 days of age and at weaning at the age of 60 days. The growth rate of kids, and the 60-day and lactation milk yield of dams were not statistically affected by the kid rearing systems. However, kid rearing on MR increased farm profitability on the basis of milk price and the body weight of kids. According to the results, MR for kid rearing can be profitably used in Shami goat raising without any negative effects on kid growth.
Effects of nutritional practices in different periods on some yield characteristics of Kilis goats
(Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, 2020) Keskin, Mahmut
Aims: In this study, the effects of supplementary feeding during gestation and lactation period on birth and weaning weights of kids and milk yield of dams in Kilis goats were investigated. Methods and Results: In the study, experimental goats were divided into three groups as control group, short-term feeding (STF) group and longterm feeding (LTF) group. The control group was kept under breeder’s management conditions. Supplementary feed of 750 g/head/day were given to the goats from the last 20 days of gestation to 90th days after birth in the STF group, and from last 40 days of gestation to the end of lactation in LTF group. At the end of the experiment, the highest lactation period was 220.2 days in the LTF group, followed by STF and control groups (P <0.05). Likewise, in the LTF and STF groups, the lactation milk yield, which was determined as 466.2 and 426.3 liters respectively, was higher than the control group (316.4 liters) (P <0.05). Conclusions: It was concluded that supplementary feeding during gestation and lactation periods caused an increase in milk yield and lactation length of Kilis goats. Significance and Impact of the Study: At the end of study, it can be stated that if supplementary feeding is made during gestation or lactation, milk yield characteristics of Kilis goats will be improved. Suckling period for the goats is the period when pasture conditions are good. For this reason, even in the goats managed only in the pasture, milk yield of mothers is sufficient for multiple born kids.
Effects of supplemental feeding on performance of Kilis goats kept on pasture condition
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Gul, Sabri; Keskin, Mahmut; Gocmez, Zeynel; Gunduz, Zuhal
In this study, the effects of supplemental feeding to extensive pasture condition on some reproductive and milk yield characteristics in Kilis goats have been investigated. For this study, 180 Kilis goats were used. These goats were assigned into two groups as control and treatment. Control goats were allowed to graze pasture, while treatment goats were additionally fed 750 g/day with concentrated feed per head plus pasture facility. At the end of the study the average fertility rate, marketable milk yield, lactation length and lactation milk yield were determined as 115.56%, 215.5 +/- 5.28 I, 212.5 +/- 1.09 days 293.7 +/- 5.76 I, respectively, in the control goats; 131.1%, 304.1 +/- 6.48 I, 256.5 +/- 1.79 days, 408.3 +/- 7.21 I, respectively, in the treatment goats. To conclude, supplementary feeding plus pasture improved reproductive and milk yield performance in Kilis goats.
Effects of waiting period before milking on orotic, uric and hippuric acid contents of milks from Shami and Kilis goats
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018) Güler, Zehra; Keskin, Mahmut; Dursun, Ahmet; Gül, Sabri; Gündüz, Zühal; Önel, Süleyman Ercüment
The organic acids present in milk in varying quantities can reflect the health condition of the animals and the nutritional quality of milk. In rural areas, goats are maintained in pasture during whole day and milking is being started as soon as goats arrive to farm. However, it is not known whether milking during feeding as soon as goats return from pasture or after 1 hour-waiting have any effect on nitrogen-containing organic acids are the body metabolism products. Therefore, in this study we objected to determine the effects of 1 hour-waiting period before milking on orotic, uric and hippuric acids of milks from “Shami (Damascus)” and “Kilis” goat breeds during lactation period. The trial was carried out with 40 goats. The 20 goats from each breed were randomly separated to two groups at equal number. Control and experimental groups of the both breeds were milked during feeding as soon as goats return from pasture and after 1 hour-waiting following feeding, respectively. The milk samples taken with interval 30 days from May to October were used for organic acid analysis at a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. During lactation hippuric acid was the most abundant organic acid, followed by orotic and uric acids. Experimental group of Kilis goats had the highest level of hippuric acid. Orotic acid was higher in Shami goats than that in Kilis breed. Uric acid was the highest in control group of Shami breed. The 1 hour-waiting period before milking resulted in a significant decrease in uric acid. In general, orotic and uric acid decreased towards the end of lactation whereas hippuric acid markedly increased in the last 3 months of lactation. It was concluded that the 1 hour-waiting before milking after returning from pasture may be especially suggested to Shami goat raisers due to the low uric acid content of the milk.
Feeding behaviour of Awassi sheep and Shami (Damascus) goats
(2005) Keskin, Mahmut; Şahin, Ahmet; Biçer, Osman; Gül, Sabri; Kaya, Şerafettin; Sarı, Ayhan; Duru, Metin
Bu çalışma bireysel olarak barındırılan ve tek tip yem karması tüketen, l yaşlı, erkek İvesi koyunu ve Şam (Damaskus) keçilerinin yemleme davranışlarının belirlenmesi için yapılmıştır. Deneme hayvanları 2503 Kcal ME ve 155 g ham protein $kg^{-1}$ içeren yoğun yemden sınırsız yemleme sistemi ile tüketmişlerdir. Hayvanlar 100 x 120 x 120 cm ağaç bölmelerde, doğal gün ışığında ve 11-18 °C çevre sıcaklığında bireysel olarak tutulmuştur ve her hayvan bir tekerrür oluşturmuştur. Haftada iki gün, günlük yem değişiminin yapıldığı saat 12.00'den itibaren başlanan davranış gözlemleri, saat 12.00, 16.00, 20.00, 24.00, 04.00 ve 08.00'de 5 dakikada bir tekrarlanarak hayvanların gözlenmesi şeklinde yapılmıştır. Bu gözlemlerde kayıt edilen davranış özellikleri yem yeme, geviş getirme, su içme, yürüme, ayakta durma, oyun, dinlenme ve diğerleridir. Bu davranışlar koyun ve keçi için, aynı sıra ile ve yüzde olarak 24,6 ve 26,6; 17,6 ve 16,6; 3,9 ve 2,7 (P < 0,01); 20,3 ve 23,9 (P < 0,01); 29,1 ve 21,8 (P < 0,01); 2,4 ve 4,6 (P < 0,01) bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, keçilerin koyunlara göre daha az su içme ve ayakta durma, daha fazla oyun ve dinlenme davranışı gösterdiği, yem yeme ve geviş getirme bakımından ise iki tür arasında önemli bir farklılığın olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.
Five-year Term Evaluation of the Project Named \"Kilis Goat National Breeding Project in Kilis Province
(2022) Keskin, Mahmut; Gül, Sabri; Kaya, Şerafettin
Kilis Goat National Breeding Project has been carried out for 12 years in cooperation with TheGeneral Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies in the Ministry of Agriculture andForestry, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University and Sheep and Goat Breeders Association of KilisProvince. The aim of the manuscript is to inform about progresses made under the relevantproject. In the second five-year period of the project, 43 breeders take part in a total ofapproximately 6000 female and 300 male animals. Thirty-seven of these herds are base herdsand six of them are elite herds. In the study, the effects of gender, maternal age, separation asbreeding stock or not, birth types and years on birth and weaning weights were analysed byusing the SPSS package program. The effects of herd and age differences on lactation milk yieldin elite herds were also analysed by using the SPSS package program. They were determinedthat birth weights varied between 2.9-3.1 kg and weaning weights between 11.2-12.7 kg fordifferent years. And, milk yield in elite herds increased from 175.6 kg to 346.1 kg from 2016 to2020. As conclusion, it is recommended that the continuation of this project will be beneficial.
A framework towards resilient Mediterranean eco-solutions for small-scale farming systems
(BioMed Central Ltd, 2022) Lamonaca, Emilia; Bouzid, Amel; Caroprese, Mariangela; Ciliberti, Maria Giovanna; Cordovil, Claudia M.d. S.; Karatzia, Maria-Anastasia; Keskin, Mahmut
Background: The impacts of climate change on crop and livestock sectors are well-documented. Climate change and its related events (e.g., high temperatures, extreme events, disease outbreaks) affect livestock production in various ways (e.g., nutrition, housing, health, welfare), and tend to compromise the physical productivity and the economic performances. Understanding animal responses to climate change may help planning strategies to cope with the adverse climatic conditions and also to reduce polluting emissions. Through an interdisciplinary approach, we develop a conceptual framework to assess and develop new organisational models for Mediterranean small-scale farming systems so as to mitigate the impacts of climate change, to improve farm management and farming technologies, and to achieve an effective adaptation to the climate changes. The conceptual framework consists of four phases: (i) community engagement, (ii) strategies development, (iii) data collection and analysis, (iv) business model generation and sustainability assessment. We assess strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the eco-solutions by mean of a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis technique. Results: The proposed eco-solutions are expected to increase the sustainability of agriculture and food production systems by introducing new and efficient uses of natural resources. The proposed models are expected to have an impact not only on the environment (in terms of mitigation), but also on the economic and social performances, as they are expected to foster the responses of small-scale farms to the increasingly frequent effects of climate change (adaptation solutions). Among the positive impacts, we emphasise the importance of more stable revenues, a tendency that would help farmers to raise their revenues. Last but not least, we found that the proposed models are likely to increase the social resilience of the farming systems to the challenges imposed by the climate change. Conclusions: The eco-solutions can support stakeholders involved in Mediterranean small-scale farming systems by suggesting novel land, crop, and livestock management approaches to optimise revenue flows, business models and climate change mitigation strategies thanks to the adoption of a systemic approach, that is not only focused on specific components of the system but instead based on the linkages between environmental, social, and economic aspects. © 2022, The Author(s).
The genetic structure of the goat breeds belonging to Northwest part of Fertile Crescent
(Elsevier, 2020) Gul, Sabri; Yilmaz, Onur; Gunduz, Zuhal; Keskin, Mahmut; Cemal, Ibrahim; Ata, Nezih; Onel, Suleyman Ercument
The present study was performed to reveal genetic diversity and population structure of four native Turkish goat breeds (Hatay, Kilis, Shami and Hair), raised in Hatay and Kilis provinces located in northwest part of Fertile Crescent, using twenty-two microsatellite markers. Animal material for the study was consisted of 246 goats from Hair (60), Shami (62), Kilis (64) and Hatay (60) breeds. A total of 458 alleles were detected from twenty two markers studied. Results obtained for the mean number of alleles (20.82), expected heterozygosity (0.89) and polymorphic information content (0.88) indicated that the total analyzed population is characterized by noticeable genetic variability. The value obtained for the global coefficient of gene differentiation showed that the majority of the total genetic variation is due to individual differences (97.50%). Clustering analysis divided native goat breeds raised in Fertile Crescent into two clusters. The first cluster was consisted by Kilis and Hatay goat breeds, the second cluster was formed by Shami and Hair goat breeds. Results indicated that Kilis goat and Hatay goats are genetically closer than the other studied breeds. The results obtained from the present study will be helpful for constructing suitable selection program for indigenous goat breeds studied. On the other hand, obtained information on genetic relationships between other goat breeds raised in the region and Hatay goat is very valuable to be registered as a national breed.
Goat production systems of Turkey: Nomadic to industrial
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Daskiran, Irfan; Savas, Turker; Koyuncu, Mehmet; Koluman, Nazan; Keskin, Mahmut; Esenbuga, Nurinisa; Konyali, Aynur
Goats play an important socio-economic role in many marginal rural areas of the world. Indigenous goat breeds have taken an important role in the livelihood strategies of impoverished farmers, especially those in harsh, remote areas. Those roles include their use as security and diversification of assets, social and cultural functions. They are also valued for their productive performance, adaptation and disease resistance. Turkey is one of the leading countries in the world for goat population and production. Hair, Kilis, Angora and Shami are the main goat breeds of the country. Hair goats are raised in many parts of the country but are concentrated particularly in the mountainous regions country, while the Angora breed is concentrated mainly in Central Anatolia. Kilis and Shami goats are known for their higher milk yield and litter size and are mainly focused in the south-east region of Turkey. Apart from these four breeds, the minor breeds such as Honamli are located in the Bolkar Mountains in the Mediterranean region (specifically Antalya, Isparta and Konya) and the Norduz breed in Van province. A limited number of dairy goats such as Mainz, Saanen and their crossbreds are located in the Aegean and Marmara regions of Turkey. The population of goats in Turkey is about 11 million head. Hair goats make up approximately 10 million of the total number and the rest make up the balance. There are many reasons for goat production in Turkey, including the country's geography and ecological condition, as well as the socio-economic situation of the rural communities. Goats have been raised in the Anatolian Plateau for many centuries providing dairy, meat, hide and hair to the inhabitants. It is the main source of animal protein for the rural masses in the mountainous regions of the country and less so for the urban population. Goats provide approximately 3% of the total red meat, 2.5% of the total milk and 18.5% of the total hide production for Turkey. They are also the only source of mohair and animal hair production in the country. Although their number and economic significance has decreased over the years, goat breeding still plays and important socio-economic role for the people living in remote areas of Turkey. Investments in intensive goat enterprises have increased significantly in the last few decades in Turkey although marketing margins across the value chain between producers, middlemen, processors, and consumers unjustifiably irregular.
Hatay bölgesinde yoğun yetiştirme koşullarında Şam (damascus) keçilerinin morfolojik özellikleri ve performanslarının saptanması
(Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, 2000) Keskin, Mahmut; Biçer, Osman
ÖZET HATAY BÖLGESİNDE YOĞUN YETİŞTİRME KOŞULLARINDA ŞAM (DAMASCUS) KEÇİLERİNİN MORFOLOJİK ÖZELLİKLERİ VE PERFORMANSLARININ SAPTANMASI Bu çalışma Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi (M.K.Ü.) Ziraat Fakültesi Hayvancılık Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliğinde yürütülmüştür. Deneme materyali olarak kullanılan Şam keçileri yıl boyu merada otlamışlar ve meraya ek olarak teke katımı döneminde 1 kg/baş, diğer dönemlerde ise 600 g/baş kesif yem tüketmişlerdir. Denemede kullanılan Şam keçilerinin genellikle kahverengi renkli, 1/3 oranında boynuzlu ve yapal kulaklı oldukları saptanmıştır. Morfolojik özelliklerden vücut uzunluğu 73.52±0.493 cm; cidago yüksekliği, 71.34±0.374 cm ve canlı ağırlık 46.36±0.782 kg olarak tespit edilmiştir. Keçilerde PGF2a hormonu uygulamasının kızgınlık toplulaştırması üzerine etkisini görebilmek için keçiler iki gruba ayrılmışlardır. Hormon uygulanan keçilerin %93.33'ünde kızgınlık 4 gün içerisinde görülürken, kontrol grubundaki keçilerin %90.44*ünde 25 gün içerisinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Deneme keçilerinde gebelik oram, %98.80; teke altı keçiye göre doğumda oğlak verimi, %128.92 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Farklı oğlak büyütme sistemlerinin oğlak gelişimine ve işletmenin kârlılığına etkisini görmek için keçiler, günde tek sağım grubu (GTS), tek meme sağım grubu (TMS) ve 60 gün emiştirme uygulanan kontrol grubu (K) olmak üzere 3 gruba ayrılmışlardır. Farklı büyütme sistemleri oğlakların gelişmesini etkilemezken (p>0.05), ikiz oğlaklar tekiz oğlaklardan doğumda (p<0.001) ve sütten kesimde (p<0.05) daha hafif gelmişlerdir. Deneme keçilerinde laktasyon süresi ve laktasyon süt verimi farklı oğlak büyütme sistemlerinden etkilenmezken, keçi yaşından etkilenmiştir. Laktasyon süresi 3 yaşındaki keçilerde 247.8±5.63 gün, 4 yaşındaki keçilerde 268.6±3.36 gün ve her iki yaş grubunda birden 256.1±3.82 gün olarak (p<0.01); laktasyon süt verimi ise aynı sıra ile 316.Ü15.03 İt, 395.9±18.71 İt ve 348.2±12.83 İt olarak hesaplanmıştır (p<0.001). 2000,108 sayfa

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