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Öğe Coastal flood risk analysis using landsat-7 ETM+ imagery and SRTM DEM: A case study of Izmir, turkey(Springer, 2007) Demirkesen, A. C.; Evrendilek, F.; Berberoglu, S.; Kilic, S.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports an acceleration of the global mean sea-level rise (MSLR) in the twentieth century in response to global climate change. If this acceleration remains constant, then some coastal areas are most likely to be inundated by the year 2100. The ability to identify the differential vulnerability of coastlines to future inundation hazards as result of global climate change is necessary for timely actions to be taken. Yildiz et al. (Journal of Mapping, 17, 1 75, 2003) reported that the local MSLR in the city of Izmir rose at a rate of 6.8 +/- 0.9 mm year(-1) between 1984 and 2002. In this study, the spatial distribution of the coastal inundation hazards of Izmir region was determined using not only land-use and land-cover (LULC) types derived from the maximum likelihood classification of Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) multi-spectral image set but also the classification of the digital elevation model (DEM) acquired by the shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM). Coastal areas with elevations of 2 and 5 m above mean sea-level vulnerable to inundation were found to cover 2.1 and 3.7% of the study region (6,107 km(2)), respectively. Our findings revealed that Menemen plain along Gediz river, and the settlements of Karsiyaka, Alacati, Aliaga, Candarli and Selcuk are at high risk in order of decreasing vulnerability to permanent and episodic inundation by 2100 under the high MSLR scenarios of 20 to 50 mm year(-1).Öğe Environmental monitoring of land-use and land-cover changes in amik plain, Turkey(International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2004) Kilic, S.; Evrendilek, F.; Berberoglu, S.; Demirkesen, A.C.Unprecedented rates of changes in land use/cover (LULC) on the local and regional scales lead to alterations of global biogeochemical cycles, and loss of productive ecosystems and biodiversity. Driving forces behind LULC changes mainly include rapid growth rates of population and consumption, lack of valuation of ecological services, poverty, ignorance of biophysical limitations, and use of ecologically incompatible technologies. One of the major ecological tragedies of the commons in the province of Hatay is the case of the loss of the Amik Lake, which reveals the urgent need for adoption of sustainable and adaptive ecosystem management strategies if escalating land use conflicts are to be avoided and environmental degradation is to be reversed in the Amik plain of the southeastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. In the 1940s, the Amik lake was started to be discharged into the Orontes river by a large-scale campaign launched to increase the area of croplands. The study quantified LULC changes and explored constraints and opportunities for future LULCs in the study area. Land use/cover changes were detected from a time series of satellite images of Landsat-MSS in 1972, Landsat-5 TM in 1987, and Landsat-7 ETM+ in 2000 using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). The study revealed that the increase in croplands between 1972 and 1987 took place at the expense of the irreversible losses of the Amik lake and its related wetlands of over 53 km2 used to provide vital ecosystem goods and services for the region. In the period of 1972 to 2000, croplands, settlements, and evergreen forests increased by 174%, 106%, and 14%, respectively, in parallel to the decreases in shrublands-orchards, and bareground. The increase in settlements occurred mostly to the detriment of croplands. The prospects for halting environmental degradation and destruction, rehabilitating damaged ecosystems, and developing sustainable ecosystem management practices need to be dealt with in light of the institutional and economic constraints facing Turkey.Öğe Evaluation of Tear fluid secretion and Intraocular Pressure in normal Merinos Sheep and Saanen Goats(Ecole Nationale Veterinaire Toulouse, 2013) Isler, C. T.; Altug, M. E.; Kilic, S.This study aimed at determining the effects of the species, sex and age on normal tear secretion and intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal Merinos sheep and Saanen goats, and assess the effect of topically applied atropine on tear secretions in these species. The study used a total of 80 healthy Merinos sheep, Saanen goats, Merinos lambs and Saanen kids of 20 in each. The sheep and goat aged between 1-2.5 years and the lambs and kits between 15-20 days. The lambs and kits consisted of females and males of equal numbers. Tear secretion and intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured with Schirmer Tear Test (STT) and Schiotz Tonometry, respectively. All measurements were performed prior to and five minutes after the instillation of two-four eye drops of atropine sulfate between 6 and 10 p. m for three consecutive days. The present results demonstrated that with regard to tear secretion and IOP the differences between sheep and lambs, and that between goats and kids were statistically significant (p < 0.001) whereas the differences between the sheep and goats was non-significant (p > 0.05). On the other hand, the values of tear secretion and IOP in the lambs and kids were significantly lower (p < 0.001) than those of sheep and goats. It was determined that sex variation did not significantly influence the IOP and STT values (p > 0.05) but topical atropine administration significantly reduced tear volume (p < 0.001) in all cases.Öğe The features of infectious diseases departments and anti-infective practices in France and Turkey: a cross-sectional study(Springer, 2014) Erdem, H.; Stahl, J. P.; Inan, A.; Kilic, S.; Akova, M.; Rioux, C.; Pierre, I.The aim of this study was to assess the infectious diseases (ID) wards of tertiary hospitals in France and Turkey for technical capacity, infection control, characteristics of patients, infections, infecting organisms, and therapeutic approaches. This cross-sectional study was carried out on a single day on one of the weekdays of June 17-21, 2013. Overall, 36 ID departments from Turkey (n = 21) and France (n = 15) were involved. On the study day, 273 patients were hospitalized in Turkish and 324 patients were followed in French ID departments. The numbers of patients and beds in the hospitals, and presence of an intensive care unit (ICU) room in the ID ward was not different in both France and Turkey. Bed occupancy in the ID ward, single rooms, and negative pressure rooms were significantly higher in France. The presence of a laboratory inside the ID ward was more common in Turkish ID wards. The configuration of infection control committees, and their qualifications and surveillance types were quite similar in both countries. Although differences existed based on epidemiology, the distribution of infections were uniform on both sides. In Turkey, anti-Gram-positive agents, carbapenems, and tigecycline, and in France, cephalosporins, penicillins, aminoglycosides, and metronidazole were more frequently preferred. Enteric Gram-negatives and hepatitis B and C were more frequent in Turkey, while human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and streptococci were more common in France (p < 0.05 for all significances). Various differences and similarities existed in France and Turkey in the ID wards. However, the current scene is that ID are managed with high standards in both countries.Öğe Integrating ATR-FTIR and data-driven models to predict total soil carbon and nitrogen towards sustainable watershed management(Dr Jyoti Garg, 2013) Aslan-Sungur, G.; Evrendilek, F.; Karakaya, N.; Gungor, K.; Kilic, S.The use of Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) is an alternative method in determining carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and other elemental contents of organic and inorganic soils for which diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy has been mostly utilized. In this study, the combined use of ATR-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and partial least square regression (PLSR) or artificial neural network (ANN) models in estimating total soil C and N have been explored which provide direct, rapid, economical and multiple in situ measurements. Total soil C and N data obtained from 153 soil samples across agricultural lands and analyzed using CNH elemental analyzer were used to build PLSR and ANN models as a function of ATR-FTIR spectrum ranges based on a training dataset with leave-one-out cross validation (LCV) and independent validation (IV) dataset that randomly constitute 67% and 33% of the entire dataset respectively. Wavenumber ranges of 650-2365 cm(-1) and 773-1726 cm(-1) in ATR-FTIR data were selected as predictors for PLSR and ANN models of soil C respectively. PLSR model of soil C led to r(2) = 0.86 for training and r(2) = 0.68 for validation, with PLSR model of soil N as a result of wavenumber range of 1300-1400 cm(-1) leading to r(2) = 0.81 for training and r(2) < 0.1 for validation. Multilayer perceptron model appeared to be the best-performing ANN for the emulations of both total soil C and N and outperformed PLSR model of total soil N.
