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    Antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of various plants against tomato late blight disease agent Phytophthora infestans
    (Springer, 2006) Soylu, EM; Soylu, S; Kurt, S
    The aim of this study was to find an alternative to synthetic fungicides currently used in the control of devastating oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, causal agent of late blight disease of tomato. Antifungal activities of essential oils obtained from aerial parts of aromatic plants such as oregano (Origanum syriacum var. bevanii), thyme (Thymbra spicata subsp. spicata), lavender (Lavandula stoechas subsp. stoechas), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), and laurel (Laurus nobilis), were investigated against P. infestans. Both contact and volatile phase effects of different concentrations of the essential oils used were determined by using two in vitro methods. Chemical compositions of the essential oils were also determined by GC-MS analysis. Major compounds found in essential oils of thyme, oregano, rosemary, lavender, fennel and laurel were carvacrol (37.9%), carvacrol (79.8), borneol (20.4%), camphor (20.2%), anethole (82.8%) and 1,8-cineole (35.5%), respectively. All essential oils were found to inhibit the growth of P. infestans in a dose-dependent manner. Volatile phase effect of oregano and thyme oils at 0.3 mu g/ml air was found to completely inhibit the growth of P. infestans. Complete growth inhibition of pathogen by essential oil of fennel, rosemary, lavender and laurel was, however, observed at 0.4-2.0 mu g/ml air concentrations. For the determination of the contact phase effects of the tested essential oils, oregano, thyme and fennel oils at 6.4 mu g/ml were found to inhibit the growth of P. infestans completely. Essential oils of rosemary, lavender and laurel were inhibitory at relatively higher concentrations (12.8, 25.6, 51.2 mu g/ml respectively). Volatile phase effects of essential oils were consistently found to be more effective on fungal growth than contact phase effect. Sporangial production was also inhibited by the essential oil tested. Light and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation on pathogen hyphae, exposed to both volatile and contact phase of oil, revealed considerable morphological alterations in hyphae such as cytoplasmic coagulation, vacuolations, hyphal shrivelling and protoplast leakage.
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    Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of Artemisia annua L. against foliar and soil-borne fungal pathogens
    (Eugen Ulmer Gmbh Co, 2005) Soylu, EM; Yigitbas, H; Tok, FM; Soylu, S; Kurt, S; Baysal, Ö; Kaya, AD
    The chemical composition of the essential oil of Artemisia annua L. was determined by GC/MS analysis. Among the thirty-seven constituents found, camphor (31.7 %), artemisia ketone (22.3 %), 1,8-cincole (10.1 %), caryophyllene oxide (7.1 %), alpha-copaene (3.4 %) and camphene (3-3 %) were the major components. The in vitro antifungal activity of the essential oil was evaluated against economically important foliar and soil-borne fungal pathogens of tomato, including Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans and Verticillium dahliae. Both contact and volatile phase effects of different concentrations of the essential oil were determined by using two different methods. Amongst the fungal isolate, S. sclerotiorum was found to be highly sensitive to volatile and contact phase of the essential oil. Minimum fungicidal concentrations of the volatile phase of the essential oil for S. sclerotiorum, B. cinerea, P. infestans and V. dahliae were 1.6, 2.4, 2.4 and 4.4 mu g/ml air, respectively. The essential oil in the contact phase showed minimum fungicidal concentration ranging from 6.4 mu g/ ml to 51.2 mu g/ml. Volatile and contact phase of the essential oils, at 2.4 and 51.2 mu g/ml concentrations, were found to completely inhibit the conidial germination and germ tube elongation of both fungal pathogen tested.
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    First report of alternaria leaf blight caused by Alternaria dauci on carrot in Turkey
    (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2005) Soylu, S; Kurt, S; Soylu, EM; Tok, FM
    [Abstract Not Available]
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    First report of cercospora leaf spot on Swiss chard caused by Cercospora beticola in Turkey
    (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003) Soylu, S; Soylu, EM; Kurt, S
    [Abstract Not Available]
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    First report of crater rot caused by Rhizoctonia carotae on carrots (Daucus carota) in Turkey
    (Wiley, 2005) Kurt, S; Soylu, EM; Soylu, S; Tok, FM
    [Abstract Not Available]
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    First report of downy leaf spot of walnuts caused by Microstroma juglandis in Turkey
    (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003) Kurt, S; Soylu, EM; Soylu, S
    [Abstract Not Available]
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    First report of phloeospora leaf spot on mulberry caused by Phloeospora maculans (= Cylindrosporium maculans) in the East Mediterranean region of Turkey
    (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003) Soylu, S; Kurt, S; Soylu, EM
    [Abstract Not Available]
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    First report of powdery mildew caused by Leveillula taurica on leek (Allium porrum) in Turkey
    (Wiley, 2004) Kurt, S; Soylu, S; Soylu, EM; Tok, FM
    [Abstract Not Available]
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    First report of powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera phaseoli (syn. Sphaerotheca phaseoli) on cowpea (Vigna sinensis) in Turkey
    (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2004) Soylu, EM; Soylu, S; Kurt, S
    [Abstract Not Available]
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    First report of powdery mildew on mulberry caused by Phyllactinia guttata in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey
    (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2001) Kurt, S; Soylu, S
    [Abstract Not Available]
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    Influence of inoculum concentration, leaf age, temperature, and duration of leaf wetness on Septoria blight of parsley
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2006) Kurt, S; Tok, FM
    The effect of inoculum concentration, leaf age, temperature, leaf wetness duration on Septoria petroselini infection and the development of Septoria blight of parsley were studied in, controlled environment conditions. The mean number of lesions cm(-2) of brush-inoculated leaf surface increased 72.4% with increasing inoculum concentration from 10(4) to 2 x 10(6) conidia ml(-1). As, leaves of parsley plants matured, they became more susceptible to S. petroselini infection. A nonlinear relationship was found between inoculum concentration and lesion area for young and older leaves. An inoculum concentration of 10(6) conidia ml(-1) of S. petroselini seems, to be required for disease development. Parsley plants were sprayed, inoculated with conidial suspensions of S. petroselini, exposed to leaf wetness durations of 0, 12, 24, 48, 60, and 72 h, then blight was allowed to develop for 3 weeks at 15, 17, 20, 23, 27, and 32 degrees C. Septoria blight developed at all temperatures tested. The mean lesion number increased in parsley plants as wetness duration increased at 20 and 23 degrees C, whereas disease development decreased in parsley leaves as wetness duration increased at temperatures of 15, 17, 27, and 32 degrees C. The optimum temperatures for lesion development were 20 and 23 degrees C. At those temperatures, the optimum leaf wetness duration was 72 h. Leaf wetness duration did not contribute to an increase in disease severity at 15, 17, 27, and 32 degrees C. Leaf area covered by pycnidia apparently increased in treatments at temperatures between 17 and 23 degrees C during the wetness period of 48 h. Low levels of Septoria blight on parsley develop across a wide temperature range. Leaf wetness duration significantly increases disease severity, but only at optimal temperatures. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Inheritance of resistance to Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
    (Blackwell Verlag Gmbh, 2005) Mert, M; Kurt, S; Gencer, O; Akiscan, Y; Boyaci, K; Tok, FM
    Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb., is a major constraint to cotton production in almost all countries where cotton is cultivated. Developing new cotton cultivars resistant to Verticillium wilt is the most effective and feasible way to combat the problem. Little is known about the inheritance of resistance to Verticillium wilt of cotton, especially that caused by the defoliating (D) and nondefoliating (ND) pathotypes of the soil-borne fungus V. dahliae. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance of resistance in cotton against both pathotypes of V. dahliae. Crosses were made between the susceptible parent 'Cukurova 1518' and each of four resistant parents PAUM 401, PAUM 403, PAUM 405 and PAUM 406 to produce F-2 generations in 2002 and F-2:3 families in 2003. Disease responses of parent and progeny populations to the D and ND pathotypes were scored based on a scale of 0-4 (0, resistant; 4, susceptible). F-2 populations inoculated with the D pathotype showed a 3 : 1 (resistant : susceptible) plant segregation ratio. Tests of F-2:3 families confirmed that resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene. In contrast, analysis of data from F-2- and F-2-derived F-3 families suggested that resistance to the ND pathotype is controlled by dominant alleles at two loci.
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    Physiologic races of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp melonis in the southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey and varietal reactions to races of the pathogen
    (Priel Publ, 2002) Kurt, S; Baran, B; Sari, N; Yetisir, H
    Thirty-four isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis (Fo.m.) obtained from 205 fields in melon-producing areas in the southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey were identified on the basis of colony morphology and pathogenicity by the root dip method. In this region the mean prevalence of wilt disease was 88.1% and the mean incidence of disease was 47.5%. Physiologic races 0, 1, 2, and 1,2 of the pathogen were determined by their reactions on differential melon cultivars 'Charentais T,' 'Isoblon', 'Isovac' and 'Margot' in the greenhouse. Race 1,2, representating 58.8% (20/34) of all isolates, was widely distributed. Of the other pathogenic isolates, eight were identified as race 0, five as race 1, and one as race 2. This is the first report of physiologic races of F.o.m. in Turkey. Of 44 melon cultivars tested in the greenhouse for resistance to Fo.m. races, 36 were found to be moderately resistant to race 0, 17 were susceptible to race 1,2, 34.1% were highly resistant to race 1, and 52.2% had moderate resistance to race 2.
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    Screening of wheat cultivars for resistance to stripe rust and leaf blotch in Turkey
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2002) Kurt, S
    In this study, reactions of 12 wheat cultivars to stripe rust and septoria leaf blotch disease, and the disease increase in these cultivars were investigated. Wheat cultivars Seri 82 and Kaklic were susceptible to stripe rust. The resistant cultivars were Orso, Pandas, Ege 88 and Diyarbakir 81. While Ege 88 and Seri 82 were susceptible to septoria leaf blotch, Orso and Diyarbakir 81 were resistant. The infection rate of stripe rust was highest in Gonen, Diyarbakir 81 and Dicle 74, and lowest in Gemini and Kaklic. In the same cultivars, infection rate of septoria leaf blotch disease was highest in the cultivars Gonen and Gemini, and lowest in Ege 88, Izmir 85 and Dicle 74. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Sensitivity of Verticillium dahliae to prochloraz and prochloraz-manganese complex and control of Verticillium wilt of cotton in the field
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2003) Kurt, S; Dervis, S; Sahinler, S
    Twenty-eight isolates of Verticillium dahliae from the cotton growing areas of Cukurova and Amik plains of Turkey were evaluated in vitro for their sensitivities to prochloraz and prochloraz-manganese complex. The fungicide sensitivity was determined by measuring mycelial growth on agar medium amended with prochloraz and prochloraz-manganese complex at dosages up to 100 mug ml(-1). The mean ED50 values for both locations ranged from 0.2590 to 0.3574 mug ml(-1) for prochloraz and 0.5239-0.8409 mug ml(-1) for prochloraz-manganese complex. The resistance factors for both fungicides were greater for the Cukurova than the Amik isolates. In field trials, the higher concentration of prochloraz (506 g a.i. ha(-1)) gave a slight reduction in disease severity. However, the higher concentration (1250g a.i. ha(-1)) of prochloraz-manganese complex resulted in a significant effect (P = 0.05) on disease control. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.