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    TFPPASV: A Three-Factor Privacy Preserving Authentication Scheme for VANETs
    (Hindawi Limited, 2022) Duan, Zongtao; Mahmood, Jabar; Yang, Yun; Berwo, Michael Abebe; Yassin, Abd Al Kader Ahmed; Mumtaz Bhutta, Muhammad Nasir; Chaudhry, Shehzad Ashraf
    A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is essential for the autonomous vehicle industry, and with the advancement in VANET technology, security threats are increasing rapidly. Mitigation of these threats needs an intelligent security protocol that provides unbreakable security. In recent times, various three-factor authentication solutions for VANET were introduced that adopt the centralized Trusted Authority TA, which is responsible for assigning authentication parameters during vehicle registration, and the authentication process depends on these parameters. This article first explains the vulnerabilities of the recent three-factor (3F) authentication scheme presented by Xu et al. Our analysis proves that if an RSU is dishonest, it can easily bypass the TA and can create a session with OBU. Furthermore, this paper puts forward a new scheme that provides the 3F authentication for VANETs (TFPPASV) to resist RSU from bypassing the TA and to offer user privacy. The proposed scheme fulfills the security and performance requirements of the VANET. We use BAN-Logic analysis to perform a formal security analysis of the proposed scheme, in addition to the informal security feature discussion. Finally, we compare the security and performance of the proposed TFPPASV with some recent and related schemes. © 2022 Zongtao Duan et al.