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    Evaluation of micro-wind turbine aerodynamics, wind speed sampling interval and its spatial variation
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2009) Makkawi, A.; Celik, A. N.; Muneer, T.
    Large wind turbines are usually installed in areas where wind speed distributions have been observed long enough to make sure of their high efficiency. However, micro-wind turbines are mostly used in areas where wind conditions are not necessarily favourable for efficient power production. Therefore, micro-wind turbines require specific designs to work effectively in low and turbulent wind resource areas. However, because this is not the case, more experimental results are being published in recent years that report under-achieving microwind turbines. In the present article, a similar under-achievement is reported. The experience gained from the wind energy project undertaken at Napier University is reported, as well as the analysis of the wind speed data collected at the facility and at Edinburgh Airport, some 16 km away from it. Practical applications: A micro-wind energy system can be one of the most promising technological solutions for producing electricity in residential applications for remote consumers as well as in urban areas provided that the problems reported in the literature are successfully tackled. The currently reported research project identifies such problems associated with micro-wind turbines, stemming from their use in urban areas on roofs of buildings. Thus, this will contribute both to the understanding of micro-wind turbines and to their possible improvements in the coming years.
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    An investigation into micro wind energy systems for their utilization in urban areas and their life cycle assessment
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2007) Celik, A. N.; Muneer, T.; Clarke, P.
    Micro wind energy systems are evaluated in the current article for their potential utilization in urban areas. The techno-economic analysis of such energy systems is undertaken, as well as their life cycle assessment. The energy system consists of wind turbine generator as the main power source, lead-acid batteries as the medium of electricity storage, and other essential devices such as an inverter. Electrical needs for a family living under normal conditions of comfort are modelled and used within simulation of the system performance, with an average daily load of approximately 9.0 kWh. To demonstrate the use of the present model, the system's performance simulations are carried out with typical yearly wind speed data from five different sites in Turkey. The typical years are selected from a total of 6 years data for each site. A life cycle cost analysis is also carried out for a wind energy system with a 25-year life span. The system performance is analysed as a function of various parameters such as wind power density and energy production. The environmental life cycle assessment of the energy system described is also carried out to determine the impact of the energy system under evaluation. it is shown that, with the conservative European average electricity mix, the energy pay back time is 1.4 years and the CO2 payback time is 0.7 years for the given system. The CO2 emission per kW he generated is 20.5 g.
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    Optimal sizing and life cycle assessment of residential photovoltaic energy systems with battery storage
    (Wiley, 2008) Celik, A. N.; Muneer, T.; Clarke, P.
    This paper presents the optimal sizing and life cycle assessment of residential photovoltaic (PV) energy systems. The system consists of PV modules as the main power producer, and lead-acid batteries as the medium of electricity storage, and other essential devices such as an inverter. Five parameter analytic PV cell model is used to calculate the energy production from the modules. Electrical needs for a family living under normal conditions of comfort are modelled and used within simulation of the system performance, with an average daily load of approximately 9.0 kWh. The system's performance simulations are carried out with typical yearly solar radiation and ambient temperature data from five different sites in Turkey. The typical years are selected from a total of 6 years data for each site. The life cycle cost of the PV system is analysed for various system configurations for a 20 year system life. The role of the batteries in PV energy systems are analysed in terms of the cost and power loss. The system performance is analysed as a function of various parameters such as energy production and cost. It is shown that these change substantially for different system configurations and locations. The life cycle assessment of the energy system described was also carried out to determine the environmental impact. It was found that, with the conservative European average electricity mix, energy pay back time (EPBT) is 6.2 years and CO2 pay back time is 4.6 years for the given system. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.