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    Association between periodontal diseases and COVID-19 infection: a case-control study with a longitudinal arm
    (Springer, 2023) Sari, Aysegul; Dikmen, Nursel Kaya; Nibali, Luigi
    Some studies have suggested potential relationships between periodontal disease and COVID-19, explained by many possible pathological pathways. The aim of this case-control study with a longitudinal arm was to investigate this association. 80 systemically healthy individuals (apart from COVID-19) were involved in this study, divided into 40 patients who had recently had COVID-19 (test, divided into severe and mild/moderate cases) and 40 who had not had COVID-19 (control). Clinical periodontal parameters and laboratory data were recorded. Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon test, and chi-square test were performed to compare variables. Multiple binary logistic regression method was used to estimate adjusted ORs and 95% confidence interval. Hs-CRP-1 and 2, Ferritin-1 and 2, lymphocyte count-1 values, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio-1 were higher in patients with severe COVID-19 than patients with mild/moderate COVID-19 (p < 0.05). All of these laboratory values significantly decreased after COVID-19 treatment (p < 0.05) in the test group. Presence of periodontitis (p = 0.015) was higher and periodontal health was lower (p = 0.002) in the test group than in the control group. All clinical periodontal parameters were significantly higher in the test group than in the control group (p < 0.05), except plaque index. Prevalence of periodontitis was associated with increased odds of having COVID-19 infection (PR = 1.34; 95% CI 0.23-2.45) in the multiple binary logistic regression. COVID-19 is associated with periodontitis prevalence, through a series of possible mechanisms including local and systemic inflammatory responses. Further studies should investigate whether the maintenance of periodontal health may be a factor in the reduction of the severity of COVID-19 infections.
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    Evaluation of IL-23p19/Ebi3 (IL-39) gingival crevicular fluid levels in periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Sari, Aysegul; Dogan, Serdar; Nibali, Luigi; Koseoglu, Serhat
    Objectives IL-23p19/Ebi3 (IL-39) was described as a new IL-12 family member. The aim of this study is to evaluate the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) IL-39 levels in periodontal diseases and health and to correlate them to GCF levels of IL-1 beta and periostin. Materials and methods Sixty-six adult patients were included in the study. The study design was comprised of three groups, each containing 22 individuals: the periodontally healthy (PH), gingivitis (G), and periodontitis (P) groups. The clinical periodontal parameters were recorded and GCF samples were collected from the participants. GCF interleukin (IL)-39, IL-1 beta, and periostin levels were examined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results GCF IL-1 beta, periostin, and IL-39 levels were higher in the P and G groups than in the PH group (p < 0.001). Positive correlations were detected between all GCF biochemical parameters and clinical periodontal parameters (p < 0.05). In the multivariate generalized linear regression analysis, the P (beta = 37.6, 95% CI = 22.9-52.4) and G (beta = 28.4, 95% CI = 15.8-41) groups were associated with GCF IL-39 levels (p < 0.001). Conclusion IL-39 levels were elevated in the presence of periodontal disease paralleling the increase in IL-1 beta and periostin levels. IL-39 may have a role in the periodontal inflammation process. Statement of clinical relevance IL-39, a new cytokine from the IL-12 family, can be a possible predictor marker of periodontal diseases.