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Öğe Community-acquired urinary tract infections in Southern Turkey: etiology and antimicrobial resistance(Dustri-Verlag Dr Karl Feistle, 2009) Cetin, M.; Ucar, E.; Guven, O.; Ocak, S.In this study, we compared the distribution and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial strains isolated from patients with community-acquired urinary tract infections in Southern Turkey, Hatay, during 2004 and 2005. The majority (82.3%) of the isolates were from women while the remaining (17.7%) were from men. Of all samples tested, 49% were culture-positive with a bacterial pathogen. The most frequently isolated bacterial species were Escherichia coli (45.1%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) (15.5%) and Klebsiella spp. (10.9%). E. coli was more prevalent in women (p < 0.05) while Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were found more prevalent in men (p < 0.05). Increasing resistance to gentamicin, amikacin and cefazolin, and decreased resistance to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin and cotrimoxazole were observed in E. coli isolates over the 2 years. While the lowest resistance rates for E. coli occurred in 2004 (26.0%) and 2005 (20.5%) for cefuroxime, the highest resistance rates occurred in 2004 (81.3 and 47.9%) and 2005 (61.3 and 49.6%) for ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate, respectively. The results of this study stress that antibiotic usage policies, especially empirical therapies, should be based on antimicrobial resistance surveillance studies.Öğe Effect of the warm and wet environment of the swimming-pool on the bacterial flora of the external ear canal and development of otitis externa in children who attend to swimming course(Galenos Yayincilik, 2006) Akoglu, E.; Cetin, M.; Onlen, Y.; Duran, N.; Sangun, O.; Savas, L.; Ocak, S.Objective: Especially in the summer season, there is an increased incidence of ear infections in the children who attend to the swimming pools. The most frequent ear infection in this group is otitis externa. This study was planned in order to examine whether the microbiologic flora of the normal external auditory canal (EAC) is changed by the pool environment in the presence or absence of cerumen; and to evaluate the relationship of these changes with the external otitis. Methods: Ear swab samples of EAC from 197 children were taken before and 1 month after the swimming course. These samples were evaluated at the microbiology laboratory after the otoscopic examination of each student. Results: The most frequently isolated microorganisms from the samples which were taken before the course were; Staphylococcus epidermidis (76.7%), Diphteroid spp. (47.3%) and alpha-hemolytic streptococci (29.9%) respectively. After the course period, it was determined that the percentage of isolated microorganisms changed, although the order of the frequency of the first three microorganism remained the same (Staphylococcus epidermidis 75.9%, Diphteroid spp. 56.3% and alpha-hemolytic streptococci 41.1%). Only one case of external otitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa was seen in the course period. Conclusions: It was concluded that an alteration in the microbiologic flora of the EAC and the presence or absence of cerumen do not play a role in the development of EAC infections provided that the hygienic conditions are constituted and EAC skin is not traumatized.Öğe Elevated cAMP levels reverse Brucella melitensis-induced lipid peroxidation and stimulate IL-10 transcription in rats(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2007) Erdogan, S.; Celik, S.; Aslantas, O.; Kontas, T.; Ocak, S.Brucella species are able to survive and replicate within the phagocytic vacuole of macrophages that induce chronic infection in humans and domestic animals. The activation of oxidative bactericidal activity is one of the defense systems which protect the host from the toxic effects of pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate lipid peroxidation, NO production, antioxidative system and inflammation during a period of brucella infection in a rat model; in addition to investigate the role of elevated intracellular cyclic AMP on Brucella-induced events. Brucella significantly induced lipid peroxidation in plasma, liver and spleen by 3-5-fold at 7 days postinfection. NO concentration was significantly elevated in the liver and spleen while unchanged in plasma. Cyclic AMP elevating agent, rolipram, administration (1 mg/kg/day i.p., 3 days) gradually suppressed lipid peroxidation and NO formation to the basal level in plasma and spleen whilst only a slight decrease was observed in liver. Brucella considerably decreased SOD activity in the liver and spleen, with rolipram restoring the enzyme activity in liver and activity in spleen being unchanged. Reverse transcriptase PCR analyses showed that Brucella melitensis does not alter TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma transcriptions in liver and spleen. The pathogen did not consistently induce nitric oxide synthase mRNA transcriptions in animals; even in those housed in the same group. IL-10 transcription was induced by rolipram in spleen but not in liver. Our results suggest that activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway suppressed lipid peroxidation and the elevated NO concentrations caused by B. melitensis, Moreover, rolipram induced anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 transcription and SOD activity, albeit in a tissue dependent manner. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Goat placental efficiency determination by comparing litter weight to the surface area of the cotyledons(Brazilian Coll Animal Reproduction, 2015) Ocak, S.; Ogun, S.; Gunduz, Z.; Onder, H.The relationship between placental component weights and litter related factors was investigated in 81 Damascus goats. The aim was to extensively compare cotyledonary traits to ascertain the main influencial factors in placental efficiency (PE). Every cotyledon in the placenta was measured for surface area, weight and depth in order to link any possible correlations to birth weight (BW), birth type (BT) and sex. Twins, especially the mixed gender ones, were shown to have far more efficient placentas than singletons. A new efficiency parameter, cotyledon efficiency (CE) was used to measure the effectiveness of the cotyledons to further understand PE. A Newly adopted method was used to measure the individual and total surface area of all the cotyledons on the placenta of each animal, rather than just determining the total number and weight of the cotyledons. Where in earlier studies it was thought that cotyledon number was the main factor affecting litter weight (LW) and consequently kid survivability, this study showed that the size of the cotyledons and their surface area interrelationships were a feature with far more influence in the placental exchange, producing heavier and healthier offspring. Birth type significantly affected (P < 0.001) BW, LW, placental weight (PW), and total cotyledon surface area (TCSA). High positive correlation (r = 0.75) was observed between CE and PE. This association was affected by BT, where the correlation remained high for twins (r = 0.829) and poor (r = 0.470) for singles. A strong negative correlation (r = -0.79) was seen between CE and TCSA. Results indicated that the total weight of the cotyledons, whilst an integral component of the placental weight, was not the main indicator of its efficiency but its surface area was, suggesting that larger cotyledons were far more efficient than the equivalent sum of smaller cotyledons. Further investigation is needed to ascertain the main factors influencing the promotion of larger cotyledons in the placenta.Öğe Seroprevalence of hepatitis C in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic on haemodialysis(Wiley, 2006) Ocak, S.; Duran, N.; Kaya, H.; Emir, I.Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has emerged as the commonest cause of end-stage renal disease. Haemodialysis (HD) treatment constitutes a high-risk environment for the transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV). The aim of this study was to establish a potential relationship between type 2 DM and HCV infection in HD patients. Of the 267 HD patients, 67 (25.1%) had type 2 DM and 200 (74.9%) were with diverse aetiology for end-stage renal disease. The serum markers of HCV infection were tested by a second-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test for, antibodies and by qualitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction technique for viral RNA. The overall prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies and HCV RNA was found to be 12.7% (34/267) and 10.1% (27/267), respectively. Patients with type 2 DM were found to have a higher HCV prevalence compared with non-diabetic patients [20.8% (14/67) vs. 10% (20/200)] (p < 0.05). The mean period on dialysis of anti-HCV-positive patients with type 2 DM was shorter than that observed for anti-HCV-positive non-diabetic patients (43.9 +/- 9.8 months vs. 59.7 +/- 28.4 months) (p < 0.05). This study has shown that although the period on dialysis of diabetic patients are shorter than non-diabetic patients, the prevalence of HCV in HD patients with type 2 DM is higher than that detected in non-diabetic HD patients.Öğe Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among the diabetic and non-diabetic haemodialysis patients(Wiley, 2006) Duran, N.; Ocak, S.; Eskiocak, A. F.Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of serious infections in patients undergoing long-term haemodialysis (HD). S. aureus infections in HD patients are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Especially, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains are becoming increasingly multidrug-resistant and have recently developed resistance to vancomycin, used successfully to treat MRSA for more than 30 years. In vitro determination of resistance patterns of S. aureus is critical in terms of administering suitable antimicrobial treatment. The objective of this study was to identify the frequency of S. aureus among diabetic and non-diabetic HD patients and to investigate resistance patterns against various antibiotics used broadly for treatment. This study was carried out between January 2004 and December 2004. In the present survey, 261 patients undergoing HD treatment from three HD units in Hatay were examined. A total of 148 Staphy-lococcus aureus strains were processed to assess their occurrence rates and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. S. aureus positivity was determined in 148 (56.7%) of the 261 HD patients and 26 (16.2%) of the 160 individuals in the control group. The difference was significant (p < 0.001). HD length was found to be 38.4 +/- 24.3 months in the patients of S. aureus carrier and 27.3 +/- 18.5 months in non-carrier patients. Significant correlation was also identified between durations those on HD and the isolation of S. aureus (p < 0.001). However, the carrier state was unrelated to the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM), age or sex. In conclusion, nasal carriage of S. aureus was found to be more prevalent in HD patients than that in those in the control group. Also, it is concluded that DM was not a risk factor for the nasal carriage of S. aureus. In addition, the rates of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus strains were found to be quite higher in HD patients than in the control group (p < 0.05).
