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Öğe Analyzing the tourism development and ecological footprint nexus: Evidence from the countries with fastest-growing rate of tourism GDP(Springer, 2020) Okumus, Ilyas; Erdogan, SinanSustainable development is a holistic approach that aims to do future-friendly planning with its economic, environmental and social dimensions by establishing a balance between the needs of human life and the sustainability of natural resources. Tourism, contributing to the economic development of both developed and developing countries, includes environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainable development with this structure. Therefore, analyzing tourism development and environmental quality nexus is a crucial issue for policymakers to design effective policies for a sustainable life. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of tourism investments on the ecological footprint in the six countries (Ecuador, Egypt, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Tunisia and Sri Lanka), which are in the top 20 countries, fastest-growing in terms of tourism GDP over the period of 1995-2014. In addition to tourism investments, our quadratic EKC model includes economic growth, energy use and individual internet use as independent variables. Empirical findings reveal that tourism investments and internet uses have negative impacts on ecological footprint. On the other hand, energy consumption increases environmental degradation. Also, the existence of the EKC is confirmed in these countries. © The Author(s) 2021. All rights reserved.Öğe Does pollution haven hypothesis hold in newly industrialized countries? Evidence from ecological footprint(Springer Heidelberg, 2019) Destek, Mehmet Akif; Okumus, IlyasThis study aims to investigate the validity of pollution haven hypothesis for the period from 1982 to 2013 in ten newly industrialized countries. For this purpose, we examine the relationship between real income, foreign direct investment, energy consumption, and ecological footprint using second-generation panel data methodology to take into account the cross-sectional dependence among newly industrialized countries. In doing so, the possible nonlinear relationship between foreign direct investment and environmental degradation is also searched. The results show that increased energy consumption and economic growth lead to increase in ecological footprint. Moreover, the U-shaped relationship between foreign direct investment and ecological footprint is confirmed in newly industrialized countries.Öğe An empirical note on comparison between resource abundance and resource dependence in resource abundant countries(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Shahbaz, Muhammad; Destek, Mehmet Akif; Okumus, Ilyas; Sinha, AvikThis study explores the relative effects of natural resource abundance and natural resource dependence on economic growth for the period of 1980-2015 in 35 natural resource abundant countries. For this purpose, the relationship between economic growth, natural resource rents per capita, natural resource rents share of gross domestic product, capital, trade openness and financial development is examined. In doing so, we utilized with second generation panel data methodologies to take into account the cross-sectional dependence among countries. Our results show the existence of cointegration between the variables. Moreover, natural resource abundance promotes economic growth but natural resource dependence prevents economic activity. This study provides guidelines to utilise natural resources as economic tool to maintain economic development for longer period of time.Öğe Evaluating the influence of democracy, financial development, and fishery product consumption on fishing grounds: A case study for Malaysia(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Pata, Ugur Korkut; Erdogan, Sinan; Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Okumus, IlyasEnhancing environmental sustainability in all dimensions, including marine life, is an important task for all stakeholders. The Sustainable Development Goal-14 aims to protect marine life and reduce ecological pollution in marine ecosystems. In this regard, this study aims to examine the influence fishery product consumption, economic growth, democracy, and financial development on fishing footprint in Malaysia. For this purpose, three different models are employed under the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework from 1961 to 2018. The empirical results can be summarized as follows: (i) The EKC is not valid for Malaysia's fishing footprint (ii) Fishery product consumption and economic growth increase the fishing footprint, while population and financial development reduces pollution in fishing grounds (iv) Democracy has no impact on fishing footprint. Based on the research findings, the Malaysian government is recommended to promote green economic regulations for fisheries, environmental financing, and clean fishery products in order to mitigate the fishing footprint.Öğe On the persistence of shocks to global CO2 emissions: a historical data perspective (0 to 2014)(Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Erdogan, Sinan; Pata, Ugur Korkut; Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Okumus, IlyasAnthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) are the most important greenhouse gas. However, until now, no research has investigated the persistence of global CO2 emissions over a very long period of time. This work aims to fill this gap by examining the persistence of shocks to global CO2 emissions with a dataset of more than 2000 years. To this end, the study applies a battery of unit root tests by considering sharp and smooth structural shifts as well as the frequency domain properties of the series. Lee-Strazicich method results reveal that sharp break dates relate to the influenza pandemic of 1557 and the invention of the steam engine in 1712, and these historical events led to changes in the trend function of CO2 emissions. The findings of the Fourier Lagrange Multiplier and Fourier wavelet unit root tests illustrate that global CO2 emissions contain a unit root and do not exhibit mean-reverting behavior, thus external shocks have permanent effects on CO2 emissions. The results suggest that a reduction in global CO2 emissions is possible if effective environmental and energy policies established in international meetings such as Rio Conference, Kyoto Protocol Paris Agreement, and the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit are properly implemented.Öğe Persistence of shocks on sectoral non-methane volatile organic compound from 1820 to 2019: Insights from a fourier quantile unit root test(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Pata, Ugur Korkut; Erdogan, Sinan; Okumus, IlyasDespite being directly related to anthropogenic consumption and production, researchers have paid less attention to understanding the dynamics of non-methane volatile organic compounds. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the persistence of potential shocks to non-methane volatile organic compounds in 20 developed from 1820 to 2019 performing traditional unit root approaches and a newly developed Fourier quantile unit root test. Great portion of the empirical results obtained by traditional unit root tests reveal that the sectoral non-methane volatile organic compounds follow a non-stationary process, while the Fourier quantile unit root test indicate quite different results. The Fourier quantile test shows that non-methane volatile organic compounds are stationary in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, France and Austria. In the other 15 countries, government interventions to reduce non-methane volatile organic compounds can have lasting effects and success. The inferences and policy outcomes of the empirical results are discussed in the main body of the paper.Öğe The relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions in G-7 countries: evidence from time-varying parameters with a long history(Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Destek, Mehmet Akif; Shahbaz, Muhammad; Okumus, Ilyas; Hammoudeh, Shawkat; Sinha, AvikThis paper re-investigates the time-varying impacts of economic growth on carbon emissions in the G-7 countries over a long history. In doing so, the historical data spanning the period from the 1800s to 2010 (as constructed) for each country is examined using the time-varying cointegration and bootstrap-rolling window estimation approach. Unlike the previous environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) studies, using this methodology gives us avenue to detect more than one, two, or more turning points for the economic growth-carbon emissions nexus. The empirical findings show that the nexus between economic growth and carbon emission seems over a long history to be M-shaped for Canada and the UK; N-shaped for France; inverted N-shaped for Germany; and inverted M-shaped (W-shaped) for Italy, Japan, and the USA. In addition, the possible validity of EKC hypothesis is examined for both the pre-1973 and post-1973 sub-periods. Based on this investigation, we found that an inverted U-shaped is confirmed only for the pre-1973 period in France, Italy, and the USA. These empirical evidences provide new insights to policy makers to improve environmental quality using economic growth as an economic tool for the long run by observing changes in the environmental impact of this growth from year to year.Öğe Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus in G7: fresh evidence from CS-ARDL(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Okumus, Ilyas; Guzel, Arif Eser; Destek, Mehmet AkifThis study investigates the effects of renewable energy (REN) consumption and non-renewable energy (NREN) consumption on economic growth in G7 countries with annual data covering the period 1980-2016 using a new panel data estimator that provides robust results under cross-sectional dependence, slope heterogeneity, and can be used whether series are integrated in different orders. In addition, the causality between the variables is analyzed with the panel bootstrap Granger causality method takes cross-sectional dependency and slope heterogeneity into account. According to Cross-sectionally Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) results, the coefficients of REN and NREN consumption are positive and statistically significant in both the short- and long-run. Furthermore, NREN consumption has a greater impact on enhancing economic growth than REN consumption. The panel bootstrap causality analysis reveals that the growth hypothesis (GH) is valid in REN in Canada, Italy, and the USA; neutrality is valid in REN in France, Japan, and the UK; the feedback hypothesis (FE) is valid for REN only in Germany. For NREN, the GH is valid for Canada, France, and Germany; the conservation hypothesis (CH) is valid in Italy and the UK. Finally, the FH is valid in Japan and the USA.Öğe Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in OECD countries: the role of renewable, non-renewable energy, and oil prices(Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Erdogan, Sinan; Okumus, Ilyas; Guzel, Arif EserEnvironment-economic growth nexus is one of the main concerns of the researchers in the modern era. Although there are several studies in this field, discussions are far from being reached a consensus. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, oil prices, and trade openness on CO2 emissions in 25 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries over the period 1990-2014. We provide a comparative panel data evidence using both the first- and second-generation estimation methods. The Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) estimations indicate that the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is valid in OECD countries. However, the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator revealed that the EKC hypothesis is invalid. The AMG estimator is a second-generation estimator and provides robust results under cross-sectional dependence compared to the first-generation methods; therefore, the EKC hypothesis is invalid. Our additional findings show that rising renewable energy consumption and oil prices mitigate CO2 emissions while non-renewable energy consumption increases it according to all estimators. No significant relationship is found between trade openness and CO2 emissions.Öğe Revisiting the pollution haven hypothesis in ASEAN-5 countries: new insights from panel data analysis(Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Guzel, Arif Eser; Okumus, IlyasPollution haven hypothesis (PHH) has been investigated extensively in the existing literature due to global environmental issues such as global warming and climate change. However, there is still no consensus on whether this hypothesis is valid. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the validity of the PHH in ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand) covering the period of 1981-2014. It is utilized the up-to-date panel data techniques taking cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity into account to test the relationship. According to the results of CCEMG and AMG estimators, the validity of the PHH is confirmed in ASEAN-5 countries. The increase in foreign direct investments (FDI) increases environmental degradation in these countries. Our additional findings show that the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis (EKC) is also valid in these countries. There is an inverted U shape between economic growth and CO2 emissions. In addition, energy consumption exacerbates CO2 emissions.Öğe Stochastic and club convergence of ecological footprint: An empirical analysis for different income group of countries(Elsevier, 2021) Erdogan, Sinan; Okumus, IlyasThe convergence of environmental pollution is one of the contemporary issues in economics. Indeed, most of the long-run climate projections and future predictions of environmental conditions are based on convergence presumption. The pioneer studies initially focused on the convergence of carbon emission per capita, yet convergence of ecological footprint per capita, accepted as a more comprehensive environmental degradation indicator than carbon emission per capita, has been begun to examine by researchers as well. The main point of this paper is to examine the stochastic and club convergence of ecological footprint among different income groups of countries from 1961 to 2016 by a panel stationarity test with smooth shifts and log-t methods. According to the empirical findings, (a) cross-section dependence exists in all income groups, (b) the findings of the panel stationarity test with smooth shifts favored divergence, (c) there are several convergent clubs among different income groups. The existence of club convergence proposes that environmental policies should consider the different convergence paths associated with club membership.Öğe Uncovering the linkage among tourism diversification, economic development, energy consumption, population density, technology, and carbon emissions: empirical evidence from New Zealand(Springer, 2024) Erdogan, Sinan; Pata, Ugur Korkut; Okumus, Ilyas; Solarin, Sakiru AdebolaAlthough the influence of tourism on the environment is a frequently studied topic, examining the impact of tourism diversification on carbon emissions is a recent area of research. In this context, this study examines the impacts of tourism diversification, income, energy consumption, research and development expenditures, and population density on carbon emissions in New Zealand for the period 1981-2020 using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach. The results illustrate that income, lower tourism diversification, and energy consumption increase carbon emissions, while an upsurge in population density and research and development expenditures minimizes environmental degradation. According to the findings, New Zealand's intensification of tourism in certain areas increases the environmental damage. It is therefore recommended that the New Zealand government promote tourism diversification and research and development expenditures to achieve environmental sustainability goals.Öğe Wavelet and Fourier augmented convergence analysis of methane emissions in more than two centuries: implications for environmental management in OECD countries(Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Erdogan, Sinan; Okumus, IlyasAddressing the challenges posed by pollutants is necessary to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 13, which involves climate change mitigation and enhancement of environmental quality. The convergence analysis of a pollutant provides information that can be useful to how to handle that pollutant across countries or regions, and previous studies mainly focused on carbon emission. However, the second most significant greenhouse gas, methane emission, was mostly ignored. The primary objective of this research is to investigate whether stochastic convergence of methane emissions is valid in 37 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries using a dataset of more than two centuries. The results obtained by using a set of traditional unit root tests and a newly proposed wavelet unit root test with a Fourier function provide overwhelming evidence for these countries' divergence of methane emissions. The policy implications resulting from the empirical findings for environmental management are discussed in the relevant sections of the paper.
