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    Critical Period for Weed control in Sunflower and Effects of Applications on Weed Species and Diversity
    (Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2022) Ozkil, Mine; Torun, Hilmi; Eymirli, Serdar; Uremis, Ilhan; Karaman, Yucel; Tursun, Nihat
    This study was carried out under field conditions in Adana, Turkey in 2018 and 2019 to determine the critical period for weed control in sunflower depending on the daily growth temperature (GDD) and weed species. A log-logistic model with four parameters was used to determine the relationship between relative crop yield and both increased weed intervention time and length of weed-free periods. In addition, dominant weeds and weed densities were determined in the experimental area. Data obtained from different periods of weed intervention were compared with data obtained from seasonal weed-free plots. During the sunflower growing season, 37.4% - 41.04% yield loss was determined in sunflower due to weed competition. For 5% acceptable yield loss in the first year, the critical period in weed control was determined as 243-1181 GDD; this is 24-86 days after the crop emergence (DAE). It was found between 269 and 1409 GDD (16-72 DAE) in the second year. In sunflower, it was determined that the removal of weeds from the plot in the weed-free period started within 2-3 weeks from the emergence and continued for 10-12 weeks. These findings may help sunflower growers to plan and implement cost-effective and appropriate weed control programs.
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    Determination of Emergence Depth and Germination Rates of Ipomoea triloba L. and Convolvulus arvensis L. Seeds Buried at Different Depths in the Soil*
    (Univ Namik Kemal, 2023) Ozkil, Mine; Uremis, Ilhan
    The aim of the study is to determine the change in the viability rates of seeds by time and to determine the depth of emergence for the control of Ipomoea triloba (IPOTR) and Convolvulus arvensis (CONAR), which are important weed species in the agricultural areas of the Mediterranean region. In order to determine the optimum emergence depth of CONAR and IPOTR seeds in the study, 25 weed seeds were placed at 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm depths in pots with soil + peat + sand mixture in a climate chamber adjusted at 30 degrees C. For the evaluation, the seedlings that emerged to the soil surface on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days were counted, the emergenced seeds were taken out and the emergence rate percentage was calculated. In the study carried out to determine the life span of CONAR and IPOTR species in the soil; 10 and 20 cm deep pits were prepared for both weed species. 0.25 kg of sterilized soil and 300 pieces of seeds were placed in each bag to be buried in the ground. Seeds buried at 10 and 20 cm depths of the soil were used to conduct germination experiments to determine the viability of the seeds at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 months following the burial date. It was determined that the best emergence in the seeds of both species occurred at a depth of 2 cm and the emergence rate was 84.0% for CONAR and 96.8% for IPOTR. The longevity of CONAR seeds at 10 and 20 cm depths of the soil were determined as 90.10%and 87.5% at the 6th month, and 15.40% and 9.50% at the 30th month. The longevity of IPOTR seeds at 10 and 20 cm depths of the soil were 93.90% and 85.20% at the 6th month, while it was determined as 10.10% and 7.60% at the 30th month, respectively. According to our study results, it is thought that seed germination can be reduced by deep tillage to control CONAR and IPOTR, and thus the density can also be reduced and new seed formation can be prevented. It is thought that among the methods of control CONAR and IPOTR, which are seen in many regions of our country and cause economic damage, it will be beneficial for the producers to determine the application method in this direction, where tillage can be used.
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    Weed species in banana (Musa spp.) production systems in Turkiye
    (Soc Brasileira Ciencia Plantas Daninhas-Sbcpd, 2023) Torun, Hilmi; Ozkil, Mine; Uremis, Ilhan; Uyar, Sevgi; Uludag, Ahmet
    Background: Banana (Musa spp.) cultivation, has a centaury history in open fields in Mediterranean part of Turkiye has become enlarged for three decades due to benefits of covered production. Objective: Weed species, their frequencies, distributions and reasons under current techniques and geographical attributes in banana fields and greenhouses were determined to provide data to develop strategies and systems for sustainable weed management and cultivation of banana. Methods: Weeds and their coverage and densities were determined in banana fields and greenhouses surveying 2% of banana production acreage in 2021-2022. Results: 68 different species of 25 families were recorded. The most common weed species were Cardamine occulta, Amaranthus retroflexus, Portulaca oleracea, Conyza canadensis, and Oxalis corniculata. The number of weeds, their coverage and densities in individual fields were not affected significantly by production method (open-field vs greenhouse) or banana cultivars but location. Years and field size affected the number of weed species while homogeneity and cycles affected weed coverage and density. Dominant species in greenhouses were C. occulta, Pilea microphylla, O. corniculata, Echinochloa crus-galli, Setaria verticillata, and A. retroflexus but Cyperus rotundus, S. verticillata, O. corniculata, and P. oleracea in open fields. C. occulta and Pilea microphylla were recorded first time in Turkiye. Conclusions: The most common species and dominant species in fields are mainly aliens including both neophytes and archeophytes. Greenhouses and production techniques might have effect on weed problem. There are needs for further research on banana weeds including their controls to establish better strategies and control systems in banana management.