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    Precipitation chemistry as an indicator of urban air quality in mersin, north-eastern mediterranean region
    (Springer, 2008) Ozsoy, Turkan; Turker, Pelin; Ornektekin, Sermin
    The chemical composition of precipitation in the city of Mersin on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey has been studied. Spatial and temporal variability of rainwater constituents have been determined from samples collected at two central and two suburban stations for the December 2003-May 2005 period. A total of 246 samples covering all precipitation events were analyzed to determine pH, conductivity, as well as major anion (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-); major cation (H+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+) and formaldehyde (HCHO) concentrations. The pH varied within a range of 4.8-8.5, with only 8 out of 246 samples being acidic (pH<5.6), and the remaining highly alkaline samples being neutralized by either NH4+ in rainwater, or by CaCO3 resulting from wet deposition of atmospheric dust. The volume weighted mean Sigma Anion/Sigma Cation ratio was 0.49. The equivalent concentration of major ionic species followed the order: Ca2+ > HCO3- > SP42- > Cl- > NH4+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > NO3- > K+ > H+. Formaldehyde concentrations varied in the range of 0.01-17.9 mu M, and was found to be dependent on precipitation volume. Relatively higher NH4+, SO42-, NO3- and HCHO concentrations, mainly of anthropogenic origin, measured near the city center suggest increased pollution from local anthropogenic sources, e.g., residential heating, industrial and/or traffic emissions. In general, the results of this study suggest local precipitation chemistry is more strongly influenced by natural (mineral dust and marine) sources compared to anthropogenic ones.
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    Trace elements in urban and suburban rainfall, Mersin, Northeastern Mediterranean
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2009) Ozsoy, Turkan; Ornektekin, Sermin
    Spatial/temporal variabilities of rainwater constituents are examined based on soluble/insoluble trace elements, pH and electrical conductivity measurements in rainfall sampled during December 2003-May 2005 at two urban and two suburban sites in Mersin, an industrialized city of 850,000 inhabitants on the southern coast of Turkey. In the analyses, backward air mass trajectories for rainy days were used in addition to factor analyses, enrichment factors, phase distributions and correlations between trace elements. The pH varied from 4.8 to 8.5 with an average value of 6.2, reflecting a mainly alkaline regime. Mean concentrations of trace elements collected from urban and suburban sites are spatially variable. Based on the overall data, total concentrations of trace elements were ordered as Ca>Na>Fe>Al>Mg>K>Zn>Mn>Sr>Pb>Ni>Cr>Ba>Cu>Co>Cd. Mainly terrigeneous (Ca, Fe, Al) and, to a lesser extent, sea salt particles (Na, Mg) were shown to be the major source of trace elements. Excluding major cations, the solubilities of trace elements were found to be ordered as Sr>Zn>Ba>Mn>Cu>Ni>Cr>Fe>Al, confirming the lower solubility of crustal elements. Cd, Co and Pb were excluded from the above evaluation because of the low numbers of soluble samples allowing quantitative measurements. The solubilities of Al. Fe, Mn and particularly of Ni were found to be considerably lower than those reported for various sites around the world, most likely due to the effect of pH. During the entire sampling period, a total of 28 dust transport episodes associated with 31 red rain events were identified. Extremely high mean concentration ratios of Al (8.2), Fe (14.4) and Mn (13.1) were observed in red rain, compared to normal rain. The degree of this enhancement displayed a decrease from crustal to anthropogenic origin elements and the lowest enhancements were found for anthropogenic origin elements of Zn and Cd (both having a ratio of 1.1). Aerosol dust was found to be the main source of almost all analyzed elements in Mersin precipitation, regardless that they are crustal or anthropic derived elements. The magnitude of crustal source contribution to trace element budget of precipitation was at its highest levels for crustal originated elements, most probably due to much higher scavenging ratios of crustal elements compared to anthropogenic ones. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.