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    Bioavailability of different iron amounts and speciations and EDTA-iron complexes for Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae)
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2007) Isik, Oya; Sayin, Selin; Hizarci, Leyla; Ozturk, Murat
    The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of daily and/or initial additions of varying Fe(II) and Fe(III) amounts, in combination with or without EDTA, on Emiliania huxleyi cultures. Pertaining to this specific aim, the growth rate (mu), cell abundance (X10(4) cells L-1), total chi a concentration ([tg L-1), chi a quota (pg cell-'), chi a:C ratio, Fe content (amol cell(-1)), Fe:C and Fe:chl a (pmol:ng) ratios, as well as pH values were observed. During the experiment, iron-free seawater was obtained by using a Chelex-100 column for iron-cleaning. The results revealed that the cell densities, growth rates, chlorophyll a concentrations, Fe contents, the calculated Fe:C ratios, and pH values were higher in the cultures containing 5000 nM Fe(III) EDTA than those of 5 nM Fe(III) and Fe(II). The growth rate, cell abundance, and total chi a concentration, on the other hand, were higher with daily additions of 5 nM Fe(II) instead of 5 nM Fe(III). Furthermore, cellular Fe quota was higher in the cultures with Fe(III). Cell abundance, chlorophyll a concentration and Fe:Chl a ratio were similar in 5 nMFe(III)+ EDTA cultures (initially or daily added), possibly be due to the negative effects of EDTA on both. The growth rate, cell abundance, total chi a concentration, and Fe quota were higher in cultures with inorganic Fe(II) and Fe(IH) contents, compared to those treated with EDTA containing Fe(II) and Fe(III). E. huxleyi cells seemed not to have used EDTA-bound iron, but their own released ligand to bind iron. Unexpectedly, while cellular iron content of cultures daily supplemented with Fe(II) was low, they exhibited the highest chi a content. The cell-chl a level was higher in daily supplemented cultures, with regard to those supported only initially with iron, evidencing the importance of continuous iron supply in chi a synthesis.
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    Identification of Pectobacterium Isolates Causing Bacterial Soft Rot Disease in White Head Cabbage Production Areas of Yozgat Province
    (Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2022) Ozturk, Murat; Soylu, Soner
    During the 2018-2019 vegetation period, survey was conducted to ident ify soft rot disease agent in the white head cabbage production areas of Yozgat. Crystal Violet Pectate (CVP) medium was used for the isolation of bacterial agent from tissues showing watery-wet lesions and rotting signs on leaves. stems and roots. A total of 16 pectolytic isolates that formed cavity in the CAT medium were obtained from 24 suspicious plant samples collected from different fields. The colonies of bacterial isolates detected as transparent. convex and crater with edges were gram negative. facultative anaerobe, oxidise negative. catalase positive. and did not show fluorescence on the King B-medium under UV-light. It has been determined that the isolat es caused soft rot symptoms in potato slices and cabbage plants could grow at 37 degrees C, had turbidity in liquid medium containing 5% NaCl and cause hypersensitivity reaction in tobacco leaves. In PCR analyses with obtained 16 isolates revealed that all of the isolates general NI 434 bp and 550 bp PCR product using Y1/Y2 and EXPCCF/EXCPCCR primers which were recommended for the identification of Pectobacterium spp, and P carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. respectively. Based on biochemical, physiological, pathogenicity and molecular analysis, 16 isolates were identified as P carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. It has been also observed that all pathogenic isolates caused signs of soft rot in the form of watery wet lesions in artificially inoculated cabbage plants. It was determined for the first time with this study that. P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum is the source of soft rot disease infection in the white head cabbage production areas of Yozgat province.
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    Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Soft Rot Disease Agent Pectobacterium Isolates on Potato Tubers Delivered for Consumption in Yozgat and Kirsehir Provinces
    (Univ Namik Kemal, 2022) Ozturk, Murat; Soylu, Soner
    Pectobacterium spp. are ubiquitous bacterial plant pathogens with a wide host range which cause soft rot disease on the invaded plant tissue. This study aimed to isolate the bacterial soft rot disease agents belonging to Pectobacterium spp. on potato tubers delivered for consumption in the local bazaar, grocery and markets in the Center district of Yozgat province and Kaman district of Kirsehir province of Turkey between 2018 and 2019. Local bazaar, market and grocery stores were surveyed and 168 potato tubers were collected. The humidity cell test was performed to investigate the presence of pectinolytic bacteria in asymptomatic and soft rotted potato tubers. Bacterial isolation from 54 different soft rotted tuber slices was performed on Crystal Violet Pectate (CVP) medium. A total of 42 bacterial isolates, that formed pits on CVP medium, were obtained following isolation. Among these, 27 isolates were observed to have shiny, transparent, irregular, crater-shaped colony morphology on Nutrient Agar (NA) plates. All isolates were gram and oxidase negative, catalase-positive, facultative anaerobe, non-fluorescent morphological characteristics and caused soft rot on potato tuber slices. Following PCR analysis, 19 of 54 symptomatic tuber samples were determined as infected by P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (9 isolates), P. atrosepticum (6 isolates) and Pectobacterium spp. (4 isolates). In 8 of 114 asymptomatic tuber samples, P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (5 isolates), P. atrosepticum (2 isolates) and P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense (1 isolate) were determined as responsible agents of latent infections. The presence of Pectobacterium isolates in the stored potato tubers brought for consumption suggests the pathogen can be transferred to different regions. Potato tubers offered for sale for consumption are thought to be an important inoculum source for the transfer of Pectobacterium isolates to disease-free areas.
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    A new disease of strawberry, bacterial blight caused by Erwinia amylovora in Turkey
    (Springer, 2022) Ozturk, Murat; Soylu, Soner
    Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is one of the high-economic soft fruit crops, which plays an important role in farmers' incomes in Turkey. In a disease survey conducted in 2018 and 2019 growing seasons, typical disease symptoms resembling fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora were observed in Yozgat and Mersin province of Turkey. The diseased strawberry plants showed intense black to brown necrotic areas in the midribs and veins on the leaf area and the attached stems. Twelve strains of E. amylovora were isolated from naturally infected strawberry plants on the basis of disease symptoms. The strains were initially characterized based on physiological, biochemical characters, and pathogenicity tests and identified using MALDI TOF MS analyses. All strains were identified as E. amylovora based on their protein fingerprint patterns obtained by the MALDI TOF MS system. The identification of representative strains was further confirmed by PCR amplification of a specific region by using taxon-specific primers, sequencing 16S rDNA and 3 housekeeping genes (gapA, mdh and recA). Obtained partial nucleotide sequences of each gene were submitted to BLAST analysis and strains shared 100% (for gapA), 99.45% (for mdh) and 100% (for recA) nucleotide identity with each other and sequence of complete genomes of E. amylovora strains available in GenBank. Constructed phylogenetic trees with concatenated sequences of gapA, mdh and recA genes allowed distinctly to separate strawberry E. amylovora strains from other Erwinia species. Representative bacterial strains were further tested for copper and streptomycin sensitivity. None of the strains grown on the nutrient medium containing 2.56 mM copper sulphate and 5 ppm streptomycin sulphate indicated that strawberry isolates are sensitive to copper and streptomycin for now. This study is the first report of a natural outbreak of bacterial fire blight disease caused by E. amylovora on strawberries in Turkey. Since disease is transmitted by bees, the presence of the pathogen may seriously influence local strawberry production in the future.