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Öğe Alalakh'dan Antiokheia'ya Hatay'da kentleşme süreci(2009) Pamir, HaticeKuzey Levant’ ın baslangıcında yer alan Hatay’ ın topografik yapısını, güneyden kuzeye dogru uzanan el-Ansariye Dagları, Kel Dagı ve Amanos Dagları ile Asi Nehri Vadisi ve Amik Ovası belirler. Erken Tunç Çagı’ nın sonlarında ortaya çıkan kent ve kentlesme sürecinin yasandıgı Amik Ovası’ nda, kronolojik sıra ile Alalakh (Açana Höyügü), Kunulua (Tayinat Höyügü), Antigoneia ve Antiokheia (Antakya) birbirinin ardından kurulmus kentlerdir. Amik Ovası’ nın denize baglandıgı Asi Nehri Deltası’ nda yer alan Sabuniye, Al Mina ve Seleukeia Pieria ise cografi, kültürel ve ticari bakımdan Amik Ovası’ nın etkilesim alanı içinde kaldıgından; Amik Ovası’ ndaki kentlerle yakın iliskiler içinde olmuslardır. Ova’ nın güneybatı kösesinde yer alan Antiokheia, kentlesme olgusunun en üst noktaya çıktıgı Helenistik ve Roma döneminde, büyüklügü ve kentsel özellikleri itibarıyla digerlerinden ayrılmaktadır. Bu çalısma, Hatay da kent ve kentlesme olgusunu belirli bir tarihsel süreç içinde Amik Ovası merkezli olarak ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu süreç orta tunç çagında ortaya çıkan ilk kent olan Alalakh’ dan baslayarak Helenistik dönemde kurulan Antiokheia ya kadar olan 1700 yıllık tarihsel dönemi kapsamaktadır.Öğe Antiokheia ad oroutes suyolları(2012) Pamir, Hatice; Yamaç, İnançOne of the most important issues related to the development of a city is its water sources and their conveyance to the city. The ancient writers Libanius and Malalas praised the water supplies of Antioch, the beauty of its sources and the advantages they provided to the city. According to Ioannes Chrysostom (4th century A.D.), Antioch had a population of 200,000 people at the end of the 1st century based on information from its bishop Ignatius. Haddad states in his article entitled "The Population of Antioch," using information provided by Libanius and Ioannes Chrysostom, that in the 4th century A.D. Antioch's population reached 250,000 people. This number should be considered half a million with slaves included. The high population and water demand of the city are at a comparable level to those of Rome, and this must have required a developed system of water supplies. The water supplies are among the most impressive remains of the ancient city. Travelogues mention at least three water supply bridges as well as cut channels and cistern remains. Excavations conducted in Antakya between 1932 and 1939 also covered the water supplies, but no extensive survey was done. For the first time in 2002 extensive surveys of the water supplies were initiated and their remains documented. In addition to the identification of the water supplies, the sources and all the elements constituting the water conveyance system of the city were studied. According to ancient sources, water supply construction started in the reigns of Seleucus I and Antiochus III, soon after the city's foundation, and water was brought to the city from Daphne (Harbiye). Our surveys have shown that, apart from the sources at Daphne, other main sources supplying water to Antioch were at Zugaybe and Kuruyer, which has dried up to a great degree today. In addition to these fault line-karstic sources, precipitation was the other important factor in supplying the city. The region's average annual precipitation is 1097.8 mm. Therefore wells utilizing underground water and cisterns collecting the precipitation were initially effective parts of the water supply system. Yet it is certain that the wells and cisterns fell short of supplying adequate water as the city came under Roman rule and grew rapidly. At this time water supplies utilizing sources in the surrounding area gained in importance. According to our surveys, during this period Antioch was supplied with water via four water supplies: the double-channel of Harbiye and single channels of Dursunlu and Kuruyer. These water supplies were comprised of masonry channels, cut channels, water collection tunnels, bridges, terra cotta conduits as well as eight bridges. The water supplies of Antioch developed immensely, especially in the first and second centuries A.D.and stayed in use for a very long time period. They were repaired or rebuilt until the end of the 6th century A.D. when the development of the city slowed down. In spite of this advanced network of water supplies, the water supply system did not depend on a single source or structural type. In fact, wells and cistern continued to be used. As a result, the water supply of Antioch reflects a system that comprised a variety of structural types and techniques developing and diversifying in parallel to the growth of the city and integrating monumental structures.Öğe Characterization of building materials from the aqueduct of Antioch-on-the-Orontes (Turkey)(Elsevier France-Editions Scientifiques Medicales Elsevier, 2015) Benjelloun, Yacine; de Sigoyer, Julia; Carlut, Julie; Hubert-Ferrari, Aurelia; Dessales, Helene; Pamir, Hatice; Karabacak, VolkanThe Roman aqueduct of Antioch-on-the-Orontes (Turkey), a city located near the junction between the active Dead Sea fault and the East Anatolian fault, has been damaged several times due to historical earthquakes, as mentioned in ancient texts. The traces of repairs are studied in order to identify their potential seismic origin. The deformations of the structure were characterised thanks to a LIDAR scan. Several bricks were sampled on different parts of the city's aqueducts, on the original structure and on repaired parts. The bricks were characterized through a petrological approach. C-14 and archaeomagnetism were tested on the bricks in order to constrain the age of their production. The synthesis of all the data showed a local origin for the bricks, and led to the identification of several manufacturing techniques and several types of production, thus, confirming the potentiality of this approach to date and characterise post-seismic repairs. (C) 2015 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.Öğe The Sundial and Convivium Scene on the Mosaic from the Rescue Excavation in a Late Antique House of Antioch(Koc Univ Suna & Inan Kirac Res Ctr Mediterranean Civilizations-Akmed, 2016) Pamir, Hatice; Sezgin, Nilufer[Abstract Not Available]Öğe The Temple Church at Epiphaneia in Cilicia Pedias and its Terracotta Frieze(Koc Univ Suna & Inan Kirac Res Ctr Mediterranean Civilizations-Akmed, 2023) Erdogan, Orcun; Pamir, HaticeA large number of remains have been uncovered during the excavations carried out by the Hatay Archaeology Museum in Epiphaneia since 2006. One of the excavated buildings is the Temple Church first mentioned in 1892. The church lies on an ancient structure, presumably a Roman temple, situated about 40 meters south of the Colonnaded Street. It is a three-aisled church terminated by a semicircular apse with flanking chambers to the east and probably by a narthex to the west. Since only the lowest courses of the building are extant, it is difficult to ascertain the original appearance of the walls. Likewise, the majority of the architectural plastics have been lost. However, partly preserved remains at least show that most parts of the church were paved with mosaics while in other places paved with opus sectile, marble, and brick. The most extraordinary group of the finds is the architectural terracotta fragments. Based upon the forms such as dentils / geisipodes or cyma recta and various ornaments such as staurograms, crosses, swastika, acanthus, eggs and dart-like / ionic cymation and bead and reel-like motifs, these terracotta pieces are examined under three main types. Although no comparable in situ example was found in the Byzantine Empire, similar stone pieces from the early Byzantine and especially the Roman periods indicate that these architectural terracottas were a part of the entablature of the church. Archaeological finds demonstrate that both the church and the terracotta are dating from the fifth or sixth century.Öğe An underworld cult monument in Antioch: The charonion(Brill Academic Publishers, 2017) Pamir, HaticeThe monumental rock carving known to 6th-century ad locals as the Charonion overlooks the ancient city of Antioch from the foot of Staurin Mountain, close to the cave-church of St Peter. A single written source in the 6th-century ad attributes the monument's construction to the reign of Antiochus iv (175-163 bc) as a remedy to a plague that was decimating the city. An analysis of the monument's iconography and associated outdoor enclosure reveal strong connections to Anatolian cult sites of the mother goddess Cybele as well as similarities to the iconography of Syrian Atargatis and Hellenic Demeter. The monumental bust likely depicts the mother goddess with Tyche on her shoulder rather than Charon, as assumed by 19th-century authors. The association of the site with Charon may have been original or only developed later, either way creating a unique local cult associating the boatman of the dead with the mother goddess whose power was over the cycle of life and death. © KONINKLIJKE BRILL NV, LEIDEN, 2017Öğe Water supplies of Antioch on the Orontes(Koc Univ Suna & Inan Kirac Res Ctr Mediterranean Civilizations-Akmed, 2012) Pamir, Hatice; Yamac, InancOne of the most important issues related to the development of a city is its water sources and their conveyance to the city. The ancient writers Libanius and Malalas praised the water supplies of Antioch, the beauty of its sources and the advantages they provided to the city. According to Ioannes Chrysostom (4th century A.D.).), Antioch had a population of 200,000 people at the end of the 1st century based on information from its bishop Ignatius. Haddad states in his article entitled The Population of Antioch, using information provided by Libanius and Ioannes Chrysostom, that in the 4th century A.D. Antioch's population reached 250,000 people. This number should be considered half a million with slaves included. The high population and water demand of the city are at a comparable level to those of Rome, and this must have required a developed system of water supplies. The water supplies are among the most impressive remains of the ancient city. Travelogues mention at least three water supply bridges as well as cut channels and cistern remains. Excavations conducted in Antakya between 1932 and 1939 also covered the water supplies, but no extensive survey was done. For the first time in 2002 extensive surveys of the water supplies were initiated and their remains documented. In addition to the identification of the water supplies, the sources and all the elements constituting the water conveyance system of the city were studied. According to ancient sources, water supply construction started in the reigns of Seleucus I and Antiochus III, soon after the city's foundation, and water was brought to the city from Daphne (Harbiye). Our surveys have shown that, apart from the sources at Daphne, other main sources supplying water to Antioch were at Zugaybe and Kuruyer, which has dried up to a great degree today. In addition to these fault line-karstic sources, precipitation was the other important factor in supplying the city. The region's average annual precipitation is 1097.8 mm. Therefore wells utilizing underground water and cisterns collecting the precipitation were initially effective parts of the water supply system. Yet it is certain that the wells and cisterns fell short of supplying adequate water as the city came under Roman rule and grew rapidly. At this time water supplies utilizing sources in the surrounding area gained in importance. According to our surveys, during this period Antioch was supplied with water via four water supplies: the double-channel of Harbiye and single channels of Dursunlu and Kuruyer. These water supplies were comprised of masonry channels, cut channels, water collection tunnels, bridges, terra cotta conduits as well as eight bridges. The water supplies of Antioch developed immensely, especially in the first and second centuries A.D. and stayed in use for a very long time period. They were repaired or rebuilt until the end of the 6th century A.D. when the development of the city slowed clown. In spite of this advanced network of water supplies, the water supply system did not depend on a single source or structural type. In fact, wells and cistern continued to be used. As a result, the water supply of Antioch reflects a system that comprised a variety of structural types and techniques developing and diversifying in parallel to the growth of the city and integrating monumental structures.