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Analyzing the EKC hypothesis for technologically advanced countries: The role of ICT and renewable energy technologies
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Pata, Ugur Korkut; Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik; Erdogan, Sinan
International initiatives, such as the Paris Climate Conference and the COP26 conference, have highlighted the role of technology in fighting environmental problems. However, it is uncertain whether technologies are beneficial in curbing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. To find an answer to this question, the study focuses on four technologically advanced countries (United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark), considers infor-mation and communication technologies (ICT), renewable energy technologies (RRD), and economic growth in relation to environmental degradation, and tests the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). The study applies Fourier approaches and uses data for the period 1989-2020. In this way, the study defines that (i) ICT and RRD are cointegrated with CO2 emissions; (ii) ICT mitigates environmental degradation in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Switzerland, and Norway; (iii) RRD expenditures, however, are not effective in reducing CO2 emissions; (iv) the EKC hypothesis is also validated for the countries studied. Thus, the study highlights the need for countries to rely on further use of ICT and income growth as effective policy instruments to mitigate CO2 emissions rather than RRD.
Assessing decarbonization: a comparison of the green sacrifice ratio for China and India
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Erdogan, Sinan; Pata, Ugur Korkut; Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik
Carbon mitigation and net-zero targets have an important place on the political agenda for all countries. Countries have been seeking to decouple economic growth and carbon emissions to achieve decarbonization. However, there is a cost of the decarbonization of economies, which can be called as Green Sacrifice Ratio (GSR), and this is critical for developing countries because they have been in the growing stage. By considering the critical role of GSR in achieving net-zero emissions by decarbonizing economies, the study comparatively examines how much environmental quality should be sacrificed for per capita economic growth in China and India. In line with this purpose, the study uses the Fourier-Shin cointegration test and various time series estimators with Fourier approximations for the period from 1989/Q1 to 2022/Q4. Estimation results are as follows: (i) all variables follow the non-stationary process, (ii) the long-run relationship exists between variables, and (iii) Estimation results show that GSR is 0.65% for China and 0.78% for India. Therefore, China and India sacrifice a significant amount of environmental quality for a 1% increase in per capita income level. Also, the ecological cost of increasing economic welfare in India is higher with regard to China. Besides, the results are robust according to the alternative method. Thus, the study recommends that both Chinese and Indian policymakers should revise the economic expansion structure with green growth strategies to prevent irreversible environmental degradation due to higher economic growth.
Assessing the influence of climate risk, carbon allowances, and technological factors on the ESG market in the European union
(Elsevier, 2024) Pata, Ugur Korkut; Mohammed, Kamel Si; Serret, Vanessa; Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) is a market for environmental criteria that has recently attracted the attention of policymakers and in particular European Union (EU) countries to improve environmental quality. In the context of the EU Sustainable Development Goals, this study aims to examine the impact of climate risk uncertainties (transitional (TRI) and physical (PRI)), carbon allowances (EU ETS), and technology index (MSCI) on the ESG market. To this end, the study uses a quantile-on-quantile regression and its multivariate version for the period from November 28, 2007, to January 05, 2023. The results show that TRI and PRI increase ESG market development at higher quantiles, while EU ETS and technological progress reduce ESG progress. This shows that the risk of climate change requires the introduction of stricter environmental standards in EU countries, while the EU ETS and technological progress provide environmental benefits that reduce the need for the ESG market.
Associating environmental quality, human capital, financial development and technological innovation in 19 middle-income countries: A disaggregated ecological footprint approach
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Aytun, Cengiz; Erdogan, Sinan; Pata, Ugur Korkut; Cengiz, Orhan
The influence of human capital accumulation and technological innovation on the environment is one of the most significant topics in the environmental literature. The main goal of this research is to examine the influence of human capital (HC), technological innovation, and financial development (FD) on the ecological footprint (EF) and its subcomponents for 19 middle-income countries from 1980 to 2016. To this end, the study employs the cross-sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) method. Empirical evidence reveals that economic expansion upsurges aggregated the EF, while HC and FD reduce ecological pollution. Technological innovation does not have a statistically significant impact on the EF. The findings of the study imply that the increase in technological progress does not contribute to achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs) for middle-income countries, while HC and FD play an environmentally friendly role. Therefore, to minimize the negative impact of economic development on the environment, policymakers in middle-income countries should encourage FD, allocate resources to promote HC development, and use environmental awareness programs as a tool to achieve the SDGs.
Convergence of Income Inequality in OECD Countries Since 1870: A Multi-Method Approach with Structural Changes
(Springer, 2023) Solarin, Sakiru Adebola; Erdogan, Sinan; Pata, Ugur Korkut
This paper aims to examine convergence of income inequality in 21 OECD countries using several empirical techniques. In particular, we have used a new panel stationarity test, which allows for structural changes and cross-sectional dependence to examine the stochastic convergence of income inequality. We also employed a time series approach, residual augmented least squares-Lagrange multiplier unit root test. The empirical results show evidence for absolute, conditional, and sigma convergence. The conditional convergence test results suggest that countries are converging, but conditional on the two structural factors-economic and population growth. The stochastic convergence test results indicate the existence of convergence at the country-specific level. The results further confirm the existence of convergent clubs among OECD countries.
Decarbonization efforts under the energy and climate policy uncertainties: a comparison between the USA and China
(Springer, 2024) Pata, Ugur Korkut
Climate change is a major socio-economic issue that is intensively occupying the global policy agenda. Countries are developing various strategies to combat climate change as part of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Recently, uncertainties in climate and energy policies have led to a debate among researchers, and the impact of these uncertainties on the achievement of the SDGs is just beginning to be discussed. In this context, this study is the first to comparatively analyze the impact of energy policy uncertainty (ENPU) and climate policy uncertainty (CLPU) on daily carbon emissions and renewable electricity production (REP) for China and the USA. To this end, the study applies novel multivariate quantile-on-quantile regression cross-quantilogram approaches on daily data between January 1, 2019, and September 30, 2022. The results of the study indicate that: (i) CLPU causes a decrease in REP and, on the contrary, upsurges carbon emissions in both the USA and China. (ii) ENPU augments carbon emissions in the USA and China. (iii) ENPU decreases REP in China, but ENPU increases REP in the USA for quarterly and annual periods. These findings show that uncertainties in climate and energy policies hinder the achievement of SDG-7 clean energy and SDG-13 climate action targets. In this context, policymakers should establish policies that eliminate energy and climate-related uncertainties and implement consistent energy and climate policies to promote renewable energy and combat climate change.
Determining the effectiveness of the forest load capacity factor in assisting decarbonization in India
(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Pata, Ugur Korkut; Karlilar Pata, Selin
The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased dramatically due to various human activities, with deforestation playing an important role. Forests act as carbon sinks and have the capacity to absorb CO2 and other harmful emissions from the atmosphere. In particular, the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-15 (Life on Land) addresses the importance of reforestation and forest management. Accordingly, this study analyzes the impact of the forest load capacity factor and renewable energy on CO2 emissions in the context of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. For this purpose, the study focuses on India from 1990 to 2021. The empirical results indicate that (i) the EKC hypothesis is valid; (ii) the forest load capacity factor has an inhibitory effect on CO2 emissions; and (iii) renewable energy consumption has no significant effect on ecological degradation. This study points to the crucial role of forest load capacity for ecological sustainability. Moreover, renewable energy sources do not seem to be a viable option to achieve India's environmental goals. Therefore, the Indian government should focus on improving afforestation and forest conservation policies to improve ecological conditions. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.
Do investments in green energy, energy efficiency, and nuclear energy R&D improve the load capacity factor? An augmented ARDL approach
(China Univ Geosciences, Beijing, 2024) Jin, Xin; Ahmed, Zahoor; Pata, Ugur Korkut; Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik; Erdogan, Sinan
Renewable energy, energy efficiency, and nuclear energy research and development (RER, EER, and NER) budgets are immensely important to fulfill sustainable development goals 7, 9, and 13, by accelerating energy innovation, energy transition, and climate control. The literature on the drivers of the load capacity factor (LCF), a recently developed ecological quality measure, is mounting; however, the roles of energy investments in the LCF are largely unknown. Accordingly, this study assesses the impacts of RER, EER, NER, and financial globalization (FIG) on the LCF using data from 1974 to 2018 for Germany. Advanced and reliable time series tests (Augmented ARDL, DOLS, and Fourier causality) are adopted to analyze cointegration, long-run impacts, and causal connections. The outcomes unveil that both green energy and energy efficiency R&D promote the LCF by enhancing ecological quality. However, the positive impact of NER on the LCF is found to be weaker than the impacts of RER and EER. FIG curbs ecological degradation by expanding the LCF. Additionally, the U-shaped connection between economic growth (ECG) and the LCF confirms the load capacity curve. Therefore, policymakers should focus on RER and EER to preserve the environment and promote sustainable growth. (c) 2023 China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of China University of Geosciences (Beijing). This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Do patents, renewable energies and energy taxes in the transport sector reduce transportation carbon emissions in the European Union?
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Pata, Ugur Korkut; Erdogan, Sinan; Pata, Selin Karlilar; Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik
Transportation infrastructure plays a significant role in exacerbating climate change as it contributes to a substantial increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The sole economic sector in which European countries have not succeeded in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions is the transportation industry. Therefore, reducing transport-related emissions is a primary focus of emphasis in the European Union's efforts to meet its climate targets. Accordingly, this study analyzes the impact of renewable energy use, patent development, and energy taxes in the transport sector on the three different modes of transport-related emissions (aviation, road, and rail) in the 10 highest-income countries of the European Union over the period 2008-2020. The study uses the novel half-panel jackknife estimator for this analysis. The results of the estimation show that patents contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions in aviation and rail transportation, while renewable energies are only effective in rail transportation. In the context of road transportation, energy taxes are effective in mitigating CO2 emissions. Based on these findings, it is recommended that European Union policymakers promote the use of electric vehicles and eco- friendly means of transportation in road transport through energy taxes, increase the use of renewable energy sources such as biodiesel in rail transport, and reduce CO2 emissions by supporting patents that promote green innovations in the aviation sector.
Does Climate Change Cause an Upsurge in Food Prices?
(Mdpi, 2024) Erdogan, Sinan; Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik; Pata, Ugur Korkut
Climate change is the reason behind most contemporary economic problems. The rising inflationary pressures in the food sector are one of these problems, and stable food prices are a necessity for economic development and social cohesion in societies. Therefore, this study analyzes the relationship between food prices and climate change in Nigeria by using various non-linear and quantile-based methods and data from 2008m5 to 2020m12. The empirical findings indicate that (i) there is a time- and frequency-based dependence between food prices and some explanatory variables, including climate change (i.e., temperature). (ii) At higher quantiles, temperature, oil prices, food exports, monetary expansion, global food prices, agricultural prices, and fertilizer prices stimulate food prices. (iii) The increase in food prices due to the rise in temperature and the difficulties in agriculture indicate that the heatflation phenomenon is present in Nigeria. The evidence outlines that Nigerian decisionmakers should adopt a national food security policy that considers environmental, agricultural, and monetary factors to stabilize food prices.
Dynamic effect of disaggregated level electricity generation on residential carbon emissions: Daily inference from the largest EU economies
(Elsevier, 2024) Pata, Ugur Korkut; Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik; Alola, Andrew Adewale; Depren, Serpil Kilic
This study examines the dynamic effects of electricity generation (EG) on CO2 emissions from the residential sector. The study focuses on the EU-4 countries (Germany, Spain, France, and Italy), considers residential CO2 emissions as the dependent variable, and includes disaggregated level fossil and renewable EG as explanatory variables. In this context, the study runs nonlinear quantile-on-quantile (QQ) regression and Granger causality in quantiles (GQ) as the main models with daily data from January 2, 2019, to March 10, 2023, while quantile regression (QR) is used for robustness check. The findings present that in terms of CO2 emissions: (i) EG from coal, natural gas, and oil has a stimulating effect at higher quantiles in all countries; (ii) EG from hydro has an increasing effect at higher quantiles, while it has a decreasing effect at lower and middle quantiles in all countries except France; (iii) EG from solar has a dampening effect at higher quantiles in all countries except France; (iv) EG from wind has a declining effect at higher quantiles in both Spain and France; (v) both fossil and renewable energy EG have a causal effect on residential sector CO2 emissions at the disaggregated level except at some quantiles. Overall, the effect size and the causal effect of EG on CO2 emissions change for quantiles, countries, and EG sources. Therefore, the study proposes to rely on the specific EG sources for Germany and Italy (solar energy), Spain, and France (wind energy) to mitigate climate change by reducing residential CO2 emissions.
Ecological effects of distinct patents on reducing waste-related greenhouse gas emissions in BRIC countries: evidence from novel quantile methods
(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Pata, Ugur Korkut; Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik; Erdogan, Sinan
Technological development and environmental patents have become one of the policy options to solve the problem of global warming. With the development of technology, waste recycling can be faster and more environmentally friendly, which can contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gasses. The question of which patents and technologies should be promoted for waste management is an important decision-making and research topic. Given the increasing importance of ecological patents and waste disposal for environmental sustainability, this study examines the impact of technological progress on reducing waste-related greenhouse gas (WGHG) emissions in BRIC countries. The study considers energy generation and transmission-related patents (EPAT), patents to prevent pollution in the production process of goods (GPAT), and waste management-related patents (WPAT) as technological progress indicators. Methodologically, the study the applies novel quantile-on-quantile regression (QQ), Granger causality-in-quantiles (GQ), and quantile regression (QR) for the period from 1997m5 to 2019m12. The findings demonstrate that at higher quantiles, (i) EPAT have a dampening effect on WGHG in Brazil and India; (ii) GPAT have a diminishing effect on WGHG in Brazil, Russia, and India; (iii) WPAT have a diminishing effect on WGHG in Brazil, Russia, and India. Overall, technological progress contributes to WGHG emissions reduction in Brazil and India, while EPAT is not beneficial for Russia, and China cannot benefit from patents. The results suggest that Brazil, Russia and India should financially support and disseminate distinct patents to reduce WGHG emissions and improve waste management.
The effect of nuclear and fossil fuel energy R&D expenditures on environmental qualities in Canada
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Yurtkuran, Suleyman; Pata, Ugur Korkut
Minimizing environmental problems and a clean ecosystem are at the top of countries’ political agendas. Although Canada is an eco-friendly country, the rapid increase in its ecological footprint (EF) and the decreasing load capacity factor (LCF) in recent years make the analysis of Canada's environmental determinants important. In this context, the study analyzes the effects of fossil fuel and nuclear-related research and development (R&D) expenditures on the EF and LCF under the load capacity curve (LCC) and environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) conditions for the period 1981–2022, employing the Bayer-Hanck cointegration test and the Fourier-ADL approach. The findings indicate that the EKC and LCC hypotheses are valid for Canada, that fossil fuel R&D reduces the LCF, and that nuclear energy R&D contributes to environmental development. Therefore, Canadian policymakers should promote nuclear energy technologies and use the financial resources provided by economic expansion for clean energy purposes. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd
Effect of Political Stability, Geopolitical Risk and R&D Investments on Environmental Sustainability: Evidence from European Countries by Novel Quantile Models
(Prague Univ Economics And Business, 2024) Depren, Serpil Kilic; Erdogan, Sinan; Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik; Pata, Ugur Korkut
This research investigates the effect of political stability and geopolitical risk on environmental sustainability (ES) by considering R&D investments in nuclear and renewable energy. Considering the high political stability and recent energy crisis and increasing geopolitical risk, the study focuses on three leading European countries. We use the load capacity factor, include data between 1985/1 and 2020/12, and apply quantile on quantile regression (QQ), Granger causality in quantiles (GQ), and quantile regression (QR) models. The study finds that in higher quantiles (i) increasing political stability stimulates the ES in Sweden and the United Kingdom; (ii) increasing geopolitical risk supports the ES in France; (iii) R&D investments increase the ES in all the countries; (iv) there are generally causal effects from the explanatory variables to the ES except some quantiles (0.45-0.50) in all the countries; (v) the power effects of the variables differ according to countries, quantiles and variables.
The effectiveness of geopolitical risk, load capacity factor, and urbanization on natural resource rent: Evidence from top ten oil supplier countries
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Erdogan, Sinan; Pata, Ugur Korkut; Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik
Natural resources are of strategic importance for the economic and social development of countries. Various macroeconomic factors can affect natural resource rent (NAT). In this context, this study examines the impact of labor force, GDP, population density, urbanization, trade openness, geopolitical risk (GR), and load capacity factor (LCF) on NAT for the top 10 oil suppliers. For this purpose, the study uses the Cross-Sectional Augmented Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) approach from 1992/1 to 2021/12. The study results indicate that GDP, GR, labor force, and trade openness increase NAT, whereas urbanization has no impact on NAT. It is also found that population density and LCF reduce NAT. The findings suggest that the upsurge in geopolitical risk can stimulate natural resource extraction in the top 10 oil supplier countries while improving the regenerative capacity of the environment of these societies can reduce NAT activities. Policymakers should consider these results when determining NAT policies. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd
Effectiveness of green bonds on carbon neutrality and clean electricity generation: Comprehensive evidence from the leading emitting country by disaggregated level analysis
(Elsevier, 2024) Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik; Pata, Ugur Korkut; Magazzino, Cosimo
Considering increasing public interest in environment-related problems and the carbon-neutrality aims of countries, this study focuses on the effect of green bonds on enabling carbon neutrality and supporting clean electricity in China, which is the leading top carbon-emitting and energy-using country in the world. In this context, the study makes a disaggregated level empirical analysis by considering sectoral emissions and sourcebased electricity generation by using quantile-based approaches from January 2, 2019, to December 31, 2023. The outcomes show that (i) green bonds decrease mainly emissions in transport and international aviation sectors; (ii) green bonds have mixed effects on the remaining sectoral emissions; (iii) green bonds increase electricity generation from all sources at higher quantiles, whereas they decrease electricity generation at lower quantiles. Thus, the effect of green bonds varies across sectors, electricity generation sources, and quantiles. Accordingly, a set of policy endeavors, such as dealing with firstly such critical sectors as power and industry, supporting the allocated green bond issuance to specified sectors, and focusing on some clean electricity generation sources like solar and wind, are argued for China.
Effectiveness of nuclear and renewable electricity generation on CO2 emissions: Daily-based analysis for the major nuclear power generating countries
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik; Pata, Ugur Korkut; Depren, Ozer; Erdogan, Sinan
Meeting energy needs and ensuring ecological sustainability are important tasks for policymakers. In particular, changing the energy mix used in daily electricity generation can have a major effect on ecological conditions, and this is a previously neglected research topic. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the influence of daily electricity generation from nuclear power and renewables on the achievement of carbon neutrality targets in the four largest nuclear power countries (i.e., the U.S., China, France, and Russia). The study applies the wavelettransform coherence (WTC), quantile-on-quantile regression (QQR), and Granger causality in quantiles (GCQ) approaches for the period from January 2, 2019 to December 29, 2022. The outcomes present that electricity generation from nuclear energy reduces carbon (CO2) emissions only in Russia, while hydropower generation does not contribute to CO2 emission reduction in any country. Solar electricity generation decreases CO2 emissions in different quantiles in the U.S. and Russia, while electricity generation from wind power reduces CO2 emissions in the U.S. and France. The empirical outcomes also reveal that expanding solar, wind, and nuclear power in the energy mix can enhance the potential of the U.S., France, and Russia to achieve carbon neutrality and secure a sustainable future. However, China is using nuclear and renewables inefficiently regarding carbon neutrality. Therefore, the empirical evidence for China is highly controversial compared to former studies.
Effects of Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) Disclosures on ESG Scores: Investigating the Role of Corporate Governance for Publicly Traded Turkish Companies
(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik; Taskin, Dilvin; Shahbaz, Muhammad; Depren, Serpil Kilic; Pata, Ugur Korkut
The world has experienced climate-related issues, which increase the importance of ESG disclosures and corporate governance (CG) of companies, which take place at the heart of economies. Therefore, improving ESG disclosures and CG practices becomes significant to combat climate change at the company level. Considering that Turkiye restructured ESG disclosures in 2022, this study investigates the role of CG on the nexus between ESG scores of publicly traded companies (PTC) and ESG reports. So, the study analyzes 102 PTC (full sample), 51 PTC in Borsa Istanbul Corporate Governance Index (in-sample), and the remaining 51 PTC (out-sample) using ESG disclosures of 2022 and applying novel super learner (SL) algorithm. Our results show that (i) SL has a higher prediction performance reaching similar to 94.3%; (ii) the environment (governance) layer has the highest (lowest) total relative importance (contribution) to ESG scores in all samples; (iii) C8, S6, and E5 are the most important ESG principles in the full sample, in-sample, and out-sample, respectively; (iv) the contribution of each ESG principles to the total ESG scores varies by sample; (v) CG plays a smoothing role for the relative importance of each ESG principle, while the relative importance in the out-sample shows much higher volatility. Overall, the study reveals the non-linear contributions of ESG principles on ESG scores and suggests that PTC should prioritize highly important ESG principles, consider the moderating role of CG on the link between ESG scores and ESG disclosures, and use ESG disclosures as a strategic tool to develop ESG scores and disclosures.
Energy security risk and financial development nexus: Disaggregated level evidence from South Korea by cross-quantilogram approach
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik; Pata, Ugur Korkut; Alola, Andrew Adewale
Countries have been aiming to reduce dependence on fossil fuel energy and increase the use of clean energy. In this context, energy security has become one of the most important issues for countries, especially in light of the recent energy crisis that threatens energy security. The financial structure of the countries can be also influential in ensuring energy security. By taking higher fossil fuel energy dependence resulting in higher energy security risk (ESR) and higher financial development (FD) into consideration, the study analyzes how FD affects energy security in South Korea, which is an important case and neglected in the current literature. To do so, the study considers the ESR index as the dependent variable, uses disaggregated level FD indicators as explanatory variables, conducts a novel cross-quantilogram method to account for the quantile dependence, and uses data between 1980/Q2 and 2018/Q4. The findings reveal that (i) disaggregated level FD indicators are powerful estimators of ESR; (ii) the financial markets component has a much stronger effect on ESR than the financial institutions component; (iii) the effect of FD sub-components on ESR varies across quantiles; (vi) the predictive power of the FD indicators on ESR weakens as time (lag) passes. The study emphasizes the critical role of FD on ESR, which implies that South Korean policymakers should consider the significant effect of FD and its subcomponents as well as changing structure across quantiles and time-lags in shaping policy framework to ensure energy security. Based on the outcomes, South Korea can benefit from FD to mitigate ESR and ensure economic and environmental sustainability.
Environmental role of technology, income, globalization, and political stability: Testing the LCC hypothesis for the GCC countries
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Ulussever, Talat; Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik; Pata, Ugur Korkut
The importance of non-economic factors for the environment is increasing day by day. ICT, globalization, and political stability (PS) are becoming more and more important in environmental policymaking. However, their impact on the environment has not yet been addressed in the literature for the GCC countries. Therefore, the study focuses on the analysis of the impact of mobile cellular subscriptions and internet usage, two different ICT indicators, as well as income, globalization, and PS on environmental quality (EQ). The study considers a total of six GCC countries from 2000 to 2019, applies the augmented mean group approach at both panel and country levels, and tests the validity of the load capacity curve (LCC) hypothesis. The results show that (i) ICT contributes to the development of EQ; (ii) globalization and PS reduce EQ; (iii) income has no significant impact; (iv) the LCC hypothesis is not valid for the GCC panel, while it is valid in Qatar; (v) the results vary at the country level with regard to the panel level. The study recommends that GCC countries should make more use of the positive aspects of ICT in addressing environmental issues and promoting green digitalization to develop EQ; and work to transform their high-income into an eco-friendly structure so that the progress of EQ can be supported by the income; benefit from globalization to import green products and technologies that can help increase EQ; and use the PS to make eco-friendly decisions.

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