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Öğe Graft and vegetative transmission of phytoplasma-associated diseases in Asia and their management(Elsevier, 2023) Caglayan, Kadriye; Choueiri, Elia; Rao, Govind PratapThe propagation materials infected with phytoplasmas, such as rootstocks and other types of grafting materials used as scions play an important role in the dissemination of phytoplasma-associated diseases in new areas. Since the phytoplasma infection is systemic in the plants, the vegetative propagation of many horticultural crops allows their spread through cuttings, bud wood, tubers, runners, and bulbs. Grafting is therefore an efficient method of phytoplasma spreading and establishing infection in vegetatively propagated plants. The phytoplasma spreads through vegetative plant propagation and occurs in nature over short and long distances by natural scattering and transportation of infected propagation materials. The transmission of phytoplasmas in Asian countries is also mainly attributed to grafting of infected propagation materials in woody and herbaceous plant species. In Asia, the phytoplasma associated with stone fruits, pome fruits, citrus, jujube, ornamentals, other trees species, and grapevine are majorly transmitted by grafting. However, possibility of phytoplasma vegetative propagation through basal shoots, stems, rhizomes, tubers, stolons, corms, buds, and bulbs is reported in sugarcane, cassava, potato, sweet potato, and many ornamentals such as rose, carnations, marigold, chrysanthemum. Dodder species are also efficiently utilized for vegetative phytoplasma transmission. The importance of phytoplasma infection spread by grafting, vegetatively propagated plants, and possible management practices are discussed in this chapter. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Update on phytoplasma diseases associated with medicinal plants and spices in Asian Countries(Elsevier, 2023) Gazel, Mona; Hemmati, Chamran; Bhat, A.I.; Rao, Govind PratapMedicinal plants and spice crops are used in traditional medicine and daily culinary as they are rich in many phytochemicals, that provide health benefits and taste to food dishes in Asian countries. Because of their increasing appliance in the pharmaceutical, culinary, and cosmetic industry, medicinal and spice crops are currently sharing an important role in the global economy. These crops are prone to several biotic and abiotic stresses of which the diseases associated with phytoplasma infections impaired the yield and productivity of the phytochemical contents of the affected plants. A limited compilation is available on phytoplasma diseases associated with medicinal and spice crops in Asian countries. In this chapter, up-to-date information on occurrence, symptomatology, molecular characterization, transmission, taxonomy, genetic diversity, and management approaches of phytoplasma disease of important medicinal and spice crop plants in Asian countries is discussed. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Update on phytoplasma diseases associated with vegetable crops in Asian countries(Elsevier, 2023) Kumari, Shweta; Sertkaya, Gülşen; Krishnan, Nagendran; Pandey, Koshlendra Kumar; Singh, Jagdish; Çağlayan, Kadriye; Rao, Govind PratapPhytoplasmas are phloem-limited bacteria associated with diseases in different vegetable crops from tropical to temperate regions of the world. The phytoplasma groups associated with vegetable crops have a major economic relevance all over Asia and leading to considerable economic losses. Phytoplasmas affect numerous vegetable crops belonging mostly to Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Cruciferae, Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, and Apiaceae families. Of the ribosomal groups documented globally, at least 11 groups have been detected in vegetables crops in Asia, and this highlights the need to adopt measures to prevent their introduction to new areas in various Asian countries. The majority of the phytoplasma reports on vegetables are from South and West Asia, however phytoplasmas in subgroup 16SrII are widely distributed throughout Asia suggesting the potential spread of these pathogens. The 16SrI (aster yellows) group is the most frequently detected in the East Asian countries mainly infecting solanaceous crops such as potato, tomato, brinjal, and chili. Conversely, the 16SrII (peanut witches' broom) group is the most widespread in the West Asian countries where it was associated with 17 different vegetable crop species followed by the phytoplasmas classified in the 16SrVI group. Several leafhoppers and weed species are reported in different Asian countries as reservoirs of phytoplasmas in different vegetable crops. The management of these phytoplasma-associated diseases relies on integrated approaches involving the use of resistant genotypes and cultural practices such as rogueing, use of clean propagating materials, and control of insect vectors. This chapter provides an overview of phytoplasma diseases infecting vegetable crops in Asia, with emphasis on symptoms, classification, geographic distribution, genetic diversity, mixed infection with other pathogens and management. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Updates on phytoplasma diseases associated with fruit crops in Asia(Elsevier, 2023) Mitra, Surabhi; Serçe, Çiğdem Ulubaş; Gazel, Mona; Nabi, Sajad un; Zamharir, Maryam Ghayeb; Rao, Govind PratapThe horticulture industry has experienced tremendous growth in Asia during the past 50 years and has developed into one of the major economic branches of modern agriculture. Asian countries have diverse types of tropical, temperate, and coastal climates, hence blessed with diversity of fruits unique to worldwide. Asia contains nearly 44% of the total fruit-producing area in the world and contributes about 42% to the total world fruit production, with the largest and the second largest fruit producers located in this continent. In fruit crops, phytoplasma diseases are important but fewer studies have been done on this group of pathogens particularly in Asian countries. Thus far, 13 groups of phytoplasmas (16SrI, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIV, and XXXII) and 29 subgroups have been reported on 26 major tropical, subtropical, and temperate fruit species in Asia. The major phytoplasma diseases which cause serious economic losses to fruit production in Asia are pome and stone fruits, grapes, jujube, papaya, and citrus crops. The rapid emergence and spread of phytoplasmas are due to the enhancement of the international trade of planting materials and their final products. Losses to the quality and quantity of different fruits due to phytoplasma infection have now been widely reported from all over Asia. This chapter provides the most recent information on phytoplasma diseases and their occurrence, symptomatology, diversity, epidemiology, and management in economically important fruit crops in Asian countries. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
