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    Analyzing asymmetric effects of cryptocurrency demand on environmental sustainability
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Erdogan, Sinan; Ahmed, Maruf Yakubu; Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu
    When bitcoin (BTC), the first pioneering cryptocurrency was released in 2009, it was considered an apolitical currency. Besides, the possible effect of BTC and other cryptocurrencies on either financial markets or transactions has been widely discussed. However, the environmental effects of cryptocurrency demand have been ignored. Here, this study examines the nexus between cryptocurrencies and environmental degradation by employing standard and asymmetric causality methods. The Toda-Yamamoto and bootstrap-augmented Toda-Yamamoto test results reveal Bitcoin and Ethereum (ETH) excluding Ripple (XRP) have causal effects on environmental degradation. The Fourier-augmented Toda-Yamamoto test results show causal effects running from Bitcoin and Ripple to environmental degradation, whereas no causal effect runs from Ethereum to environmental degradation. The asymmetric causality shows causal effects from the positive shock of Bitcoin demand, negative shocks of Ripple and Ethereum demands to positive shocks of environmental degradation. Further discussions and policy implications are provided in the relevant sections of this study.
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    Analyzing transport demand and environmental degradation: the case of G-7 countries
    (Springer, 2024) Erdogan, Sinan; Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu; Adedoyin, Festus Fatai; Bekun, Festus Victor; Owusu, Phebe Asantewaa
    The debate for green development has been ongoing in the energy and environment literature-especially initiatives to mitigate climate change. On this note, we explore the effects of the air and railway transport demand, fossil-fuel energy consumption, demographic policies, economic growth, and alternative energy consumption on environmental degradation in Group of Seven (G7) economies. Using robust panel estimation techniques that account for cross-sectional dependence, empirical results affirm the presence of long-run relationships among variables. Besides, the results give credence to the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis (EKC) in G7 countries over the sampled period. We observe that demand for air transport, energy from fossil fuel sources, and economic development dampen environmental quality by 0.12%, 0.33%, and 46.54%, respectively. Interestingly, renewable energy and rail transportation demand improve environmental quality. This outcome resonates with the need for alternative and clean energy production and consumption (Sustainable Development Goals 11 and 12) while enhancing the fight against climate change-especially the adoption of clean energy technologies in the air transport sector for sustainable growth.
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    Do dependence on fossil fuels and corruption spur ecological footprint?
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2021) Akalin, Guray; Erdogan, Sinan; Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu
    Corruption, a benchmark for institutional quality plays a critical role in achieving sustainable development, especially in developing countries. The nexus between corruption and economics is widely discussed in economic literature, however, the nexus between corruption and environmental degradation has received less attention. Here, we investigate the relationship between corruption and environmental degradation by accounting for income, urbanization, and disaggregate energy consumption in Newly Industrialized Countries from 1984 to 2016. Utilizing panel data methods, the empirical results reveal the existence of a long-run relationship between environmental degradation and regressors. Corruption, economic growth, and fossil fuel utilization have positive and statistically significant effect on environmental degradation, whereas renewable energy consumption has negative and statistically significant effect on environmental degradation. Besides, urbanization has positive but statistically insignificant effect on environmental degradation. The results reveal corruption poses a risk to the achievement of environmental aims of Sustainable Development Goals in Newly Industrialized Countries.
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    The role of renewable and nuclear energy R&D expenditures and income on environmental quality in Germany: Scrutinizing the EKC and LCC hypotheses with smooth structural changes
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Pata, Ugur Korkut; Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik; Erdogan, Sinan; Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu
    This study analyzes the effect of renewable energy research & development (RRD) and nuclear energy research & development (NRD) expenditures on environmental quality by considering Germany's goal of achieving carbon neutrality until 2045. Hence, the study uses various environmental indicators (carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, ecological footprint-EF, and load capacity factor-LCF) to investigate the effects of RRD and NRD on the environmental quality controlling also a gross domestic product (GDP) and test the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and recently proposed load capacity curve (LCC) hypotheses. Also, the study includes yearly data from 1974 to 2018, uses fractional frequency Fourier autoregressive distributive lag (FADL) based FMOLS approach as the main model, and applies FADL based DOLS approach and Fourier wavelet causality test for the robustness. The empirical results reveal that (i) the explanatory variables have a cointegration link with CO2 emissions and EF; (ii) the EKC hypothesis is valid for Germany, while the LCC hypothesis is invalid; (iii) RRD expenditures are effective only in reducing CO2 emissions; (iv) RRD and NRD expenditures have no significant effect on the EF. Considering the results, German policymakers could utilize RRD more effectively and efficiently to improve environmental quality and reduce the EF. In this way, Germany could achieve its carbon neutrality goal until the middle of the century by benefiting from RRD facilities.
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    Testing the transport-induced environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of air and railway transport
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Erdogan, Sinan; Adedoyin, Festus Fatai; Bekun, Festus Victor; Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu
    The airline and railway industry contribute immensely to economic development, however, its role in environmental pollution requires attention. Here, this study builds on the theoretical pedigree of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis to explore the contribution of the air and railway transportation sector and urbanization to the emission-growth argument. We utilized annual time-frequency data from 1995 to 2014 for a panel of top 10 air passenger carrier countries using robust panel estimators that control for cross-section dependence. The empirical analysis shows a positive significant relationship between emissions and economic growth, thus, economic growth is emission-embedded with limited green growth. The existence of the EKC phenomenon is affirmed for the investigated blocs - where economic growth is prioritized over environmental quality. Additional, while air transportation drives pollution, railway transportation and urbanization decline emission over the sampled period. The results underscore the need for clean and environmentally friendly energy sources for air sector operations.
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    Trading Kuznets curve: empirical analysis for China
    (Springer, 2022) Yasar, Ercan; Akalin, Guray; Erdogan, Sinan; Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu
    Due to inspiring growth over the past 20 years, the dynamics of Chinese exports have been the focus of many researchers. In contrast to current literature, this study examines the quadratic relationship between China's real exports to 154 partner countries and the income of trading partners from 1996 to 2019. The findings obtained from the second generational econometric analysis confirm cross-section dependence and heterogeneous slope among panel members. Second, while the GDP per capita of partner countries has a positive impact on China's exports, the quadratic of GDP per capita has a negative impact. These findings indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship between China's exports and GDP per capita of its partner countries-thus, validating the trading Kuznets curve (TKC) hypothesis. The appreciation of the Renminbi (RMB) has statistically significant negative effects on China's exports. From a policy perspective, Chinese policymakers could consider the TKC hypothesis when determining market and export strategies. Additionally, the Chinese monetary authority could consider stabilizing the value of the RMB.