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Öğe Assessment of susceptibility of different rootstock/variety combinations of pear to Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri and experimental transmission studies by Cacopsylla pyri(Springer, 2022) Caglayan, Kadriye; Gazel, Mona; Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Kaya, KamuranIn this study, efficient transmission ways of 'Ca. P. pyri' which causes Pear Decline (PD) disease and response of different rootstock-scion combinations to this pathogen were evaluated. For graft transmission trials, fifty BA29 clonal rootstocks were grafted with buds taken from a 'Ca. P. pyri' infected pear tree, cv. Deveci, and the transmission rate was found to be 8% according to PCR/RFLP analyses. Growth retardation was detected in some grafted plants but the specific reddening symptoms for PD were not observed during the 2 years of observation. Cacopsylla pyri L., playing important role for the transmission of pear decline phytoplasma in open field, was used for experimental transmission trials. It has been shown that it can acquire phytoplasma (in 1 day) and transmit it (in 2 weeks to healthy pear saplings). Therefore it was revealed that C. pyri plays an important role in pear decline epidemiology. When the response of several rootstock-scion combinations to 'Ca. P. pyri'was evaluated over two vegetative periods by visual monitoring of symptom development and by PCR analyses, two Santa Maria and one Williams plants grafted on OHF333 and one Deveci plant grafted on P. communis were found infected by 'Ca. P. pyri', but no infection was detected in a local cv. Ankara grafted on any rootstocks. Among the commercial cultivars, our local cv. Deveci was found the most sensitive and cv. Ankara was the most tolerant. The use of healthy plant materials, as well as the appropriate control of the vector will play an important role in disease control.Öğe Characterization of hypovirulent isolates of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica from the Marmara and Black Sea regions of Turkey(Springer, 2013) Akilli, Secil; Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Katircioglu, Yakup Zekai; Maden, Salih; Rigling, DanielChestnut blight caused by the introduced fungus Cryphonectria parasitica has been responsible for the decline of Castanea sativa in Turkey since the 1960s. In this study, 72 C. parasitica isolates were recovered from the Marmara and Black Sea regions of Turkey showing white or cream-coloured culture morphology and were subjected to various tests to determine if they were infected by Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1). The vast majority of the isolates (69 out of 72) were vc type EU-1. Both mating types were found among a subsample of the isolates. The hypovirus was detected in 55 isolates by dsRNA extraction and/or virus specific RT-PCR on total RNA extracts. All but one isolates showed no or only weak phenol oxidase activity on agar medium containing tannic acid, typical of CHV-1 infected isolates. Through sequencing of a specific region of the hypovirus genome, we found that 24 hypovirus isolates belonged to the CHV-1 subtype I and six to the CHV-1 subtype F2. The distribution of the two CHV-1 subtypes in Turkey showed a clear geographic pattern. CHV-1 subtype I was only detected in the Marmara and western Black Sea region, whereas subtype F2 was restricted to the eastern part of the Black Sea region. The effectiveness of 23 hypovirulent isolates was tested against a virulent isolate on 2-3 years old chestnut sprouts. Ten hypovirulent isolates, all infected by CHV-1 subtype I, prevented canker development by more than 80 % suggesting that they might be suitable for biological control of chestnut blight in Turkey.Öğe Comparison by Sequence-Based and Electron Microscopic Analyses of Fig mosaic virus Isolates Obtained from Field and Experimentally Inoculated Fig Plants(Amer Phytopathological Soc, 2010) Caglayan, Kadriye; Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Barutcu, Eminur; Kaya, Kamuran; Medina, Vicente; Gazel, Mona; Soylu, SonerFig mosaic disease (FMD) and the fig mite, Aceria ficus, are widespread in different fig growing provinces of Turkey. Fig trees (Ficus carica) cv. Bursa siyahi (D1) and an unknown seedling (D2) that showed typical FMD symptoms and was heavily infested by fig mites were used as donor plants for attempted mite transmissions to healthy fig seedlings. Transmission electron microscopy observations of donor plant samples prior to the transmission tests were performed and showed the presence of double membrane bodies (DMBs) in the palisade mesophyll cells. Electron microscopy of all experimentally inoculated fig seedlings showed the same bodies. This result reinforced the suggestion that an agent that elicits the production of DMBs in infected cells is involved in the etiology of FMD. Double-stranded (ds)RNA analyses were also performed from experimentally inoculated plants, and dsRNAs with sizes approximately 1.30 and 1.96 kb were obtained. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products of 468 and 298 bp specific to Fig mosaic virus (FMV) were amplified from both donor and experimentally inoculated plants. BLAST analyses of nucleotide sequences of these fragments showed 90% identity with FMV for the donor plant and 94 to 96% for experimentally inoculated plants. According to these results, FMV is present in both donor and experimentally inoculated plants in Turkey, and this virus is transmissible by A. ficus from fig plant to fig plant.Öğe Corm and root rot of Colocasia esculenta caused by Ovatisporangium vexans and Rhizoctonia solani(Ars Docendi, 2014) Dervis, Sibel; Soylu, Soner; Serce, Cigdem UlubasOvatisporangium vexans (de Bary) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakis. and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn were isolated from the decayed parts of roots and corms of wilted taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott.) plants. Although both pathogens were identified according to morphological and pathogenicity characteristics, O. vexans identification was further confirmed based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 28S rRNA genes using the ITS6 and ITS4 primers. Early symptoms on leaves appeared as pale yellow color, partial rolling of leaf margins and withering of seedlings. Rotting or decay started at the collar region and it spread to roots and corms. In severe cases, the collar region broke off and the seedling collapsed. Inoculating these isolates separately into mature taro plants and corms resulted in symptoms similar to root and corm rots observed on naturally infected plants. Both disease agents were re-isolated from the inoculated tissues. Since symptoms caused by co-inoculation of O. vexans with R. solani together were more severe, combination of two pathogens induced the greatest plant mortality. This is the first report of corm and root rot disease caused by O. vexans and R. solani complex on taro plants in Turkey. This is also the first record of O. vexans in Turkey.Öğe Detection of 'Candidatus phytoplasma pyri' in Turkey(Alma Mater Studiorum, Univ Bologna, 2007) Gazel, Mona; Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Caglayan, Kadriye; Ozturk, HarunTypical 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri' (Pear Decline, PD) symptoms were first observed in 2005 in pear orchards of Bursa province, which is an important pear growing area in Turkey. The present report resulted from a survey of pear varieties to investigate the infection level of PD in Bursa in 2006. The observed symptoms were foliar reddening in late summer and fall, leaf roll, leaf curl, poor growth and slow or quick decline. The presence of PD phytoplasma in pear trees was investigated by polymerase chain reaction using universal P1/P7 and R16F2/R2 primers and the identification was performed by RFLP analyses. A total of 116 pear trees were tested and 61 samples were found infected by the phytoplasma. 'Ca. P. pyri' was identified using RsaI, SspI and MseI restriction enzymes. PD is widely distributed in pear trees with a high incidence and it is a big threat for pear production in Turkey.Öğe Evaluations of apricot trees infected by Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum for horticultural characteristics(2009) Gazel, Mona; Caglayan, Kadriye; Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Son, LeventApricot, Prunus armeniaca L., is an important stone fruit species in Turkey. The Mediterranean coastal area in Turkey has advantageous climatic conditions for early table apricot production. New orchards with both local and foreign cultivars are being established in this region. The disease caused by phytoplasma is a critical threat for apricot growers. In this study, pomological data were collected from three apricot trees (cv. 'Precoce de Tyrinthe') that are infected by Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum disease and from healthy plants under field conditions. The variables evaluated included yield, fruit width, length, height and weight, seed weight, seed/fruit ratio, soluble solids and acidity between 2004 and 2007. Analyses of variance indicated that all infected trees had lower yield when compared to the uninfected trees for four experimental years. The reduction in yield reached up to 77% in some cases. Significant differences were also recovered for variables for infected versus control comparisons. In some cases, the means of the trees also differed among infected ones. The results suggested that Ca. Phytoplasma prunorum negatively affects the 'Precoce de Tyrinthe' apricot for both yield and pomological characteristics in different ratios. Copyright © 2009 Bucharest University.Öğe First report of Phytophthora crown and root rot of cherry caused by Phytophthora palmivora in eastern Turkey(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2015) Turkolmez, Sahimerdan; Ciftci, Osman; Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Dervis, SibelCrown and root rot or decline is an increasing problem on sweet cherry in Mardin, Malatya, Elaz and Diyarbakr provinces in eastern Turkey. A survey was carried out during 2012-2014 in 120 commercial cherry orchards for disease symptoms, which included poor growth with sparse off-colour foliage, reddish-brown discolouration of the crown and roots, wilting and dieback of the canopy, and in many cases, tree death. Fifty-eight Phytophthora isolates obtained during the course of this 3-year survey were examined and identified as Phytophthora palmivora on the basis of morphological characteristics. BLAST analysis of ITS region sequences of rDNA of five isolates revealed 99-100% identity with reference isolates of P. palmivora from GenBank and Phytophthora database. Isolates of P. palmivora were pathogenic on 12-month-old potted Mahaleb' cherry (Prunus mahaleb L.) rootstock seedlings that were wound-inoculated on the roots and on the crown. Inoculated plants expressed similar symptoms to those observed in the field and almost all infected plants died within 3 months after transplanting. This study demonstrated that P. palmivora is the causal agent of cherry decline in eastern Turkey. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. palmivora on this host plant. ResumeLa pourriture du collet et des racines, ou deperissement, constitue un probleme croissant chez le cerisier sauvage dans les provinces de Mardin, de Malatya, d'Elaz et de Diyarbakr de l'est de la Turquie. Une etude a ete menee de 2012 a 2014 dans 120 vergers commerciaux afin de deceler les symptomes de la maladie qui incluent la croissance mediocre accompagnee d'un feuillage clairseme de couleur atypique, la coloration brun-rougeatre du collet et des racines, le fletrissement et le deperissement de la cime et, dans plusieurs cas, la mort de l'arbre. Durant les trois annees qu'a dure cette etude, 58 isolats de Phytophthora ont ete examines et identifies, sur la base de leurs caracteres morphologiques, en tant que Phytophthora palmivora. L'analyse de type BLAST des sequences de l'espaceur transcrit interne de l'ADNr de cinq isolats a revele un taux d'identite de 99% a 100% par rapport aux isolats de reference de P. palmivora provenant de la GenBank et de la Phytophthora database. Les isolats de P. palmivora etaient virulents a l'egard de jeunes plants en pots de 12 mois sur porte-greffe de cerisier Mahaleb' (Prunus mahaleb L.) dont des blessures aux collets et aux racines avaient ete inoculees. Les plants inocules ont affiche des symptomes semblables a ceux observes sur le terrain, et presque tous les plants sont morts en moins de trois mois apres avoir ete transplantes. Cette etude a demontre que P. palmivora est l'agent causal du deperissement des cerisiers dans l'est de la Turquie. Pour autant que nous le sachions, il s'agit de la premiere mention de P. palmivora s'attaquant a cette plante hote.Öğe Further characterization of a new recombinant group of Plum pox virus isolates, PPV-T, found in orchards in the Ankara province of Turkey(Elsevier, 2009) Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Candresse, Thierry; Svanella-Dumas, Laurence; Krizbai, Laszlo; Gazel, Mona; Caglayan, KadriyeSixteen Plum pox virus (PPV) isolates collected in the Ankara region of Turkey were analyzed using available serological and molecular typing assays. Surprisingly, despite the fact that all isolates except one, which was a mix infection, were typed as belonging to the PPV-M strain in four independent molecular assays, nine of them (60%) reacted with both PPV-M specific and PPV-D specific monoclonal antibodies. Partial 5' and 3' genomic sequence analysis on four isolates demonstrated that irrespective of their reactivity towards the PPV-D specific monoclonal antibody, they were all closely related to a recombinant PPV isolate from Turkey, Ab-Tk. All three isolates for which the relevant genomic sequence was obtained showed the same recombination event as Ab-Tk in the HC-Pro gene, around position 1566 of the genome. Complete genomic sequencing of Ab-Tk did not provide evidence for additional recombination events in its evolutionary history. Taken together, these results indicate that a group of closely related PPV isolates characterized by a unique recombination in the HC-Pro gene is prevalent under field conditions in the Ankara region of Turkey. Similar to the situation with the PPV-Rec strain, we propose that these isolates represent a novel strain of PPV, for which the name PPV-T (Turkey) is proposed. Given that PPV-T isolates cannot be identified by currently available typing techniques, it is possible that their presence has been overlooked in other situations. Further efforts should allow a precise description of their prevalence and of their geographical distribution in Turkey and, possibly, in other countries. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Involvement of Phytophthora citrophthora in Kiwifruit Decline in Turkey(Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) Akilli, Secil; Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Katircioglu, Yakup Zekai; Karakaya, Aziz; Maden, SalihVine decline of kiwifruit was found in an orchard in the Rize province in Turkey. About half of the vines showed poor growth, leaf discoloration and dieback symptoms. From the necrotic feeder roots of the diseased vines, a Phytophthora sp. was isolated. The causal agent of the disease was identified as Phytophthora citrophthora by morphological characteristics and comparing sequences of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. Phytophthora citrophthora caused bark necroses averaging 4.2 +/- 1.4 cm in length when inoculated on the rooted canes.Öğe Is a phytoplasma responsible for fig mosaic disease?(Alma Mater Studiorum, Univ Bologna, 2007) Caglayan, Kadriye; Gazel, Mona; Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Soylu, Soner; Yalçin, SonguelThe fig mosaic disease (FMD) is a wide-spread disease in fig growing countries. This disease can be transmitted by vegetative propagation material and eriophyd mite, Aceria ficus Cotte. Because of the unknown etiology of this disease the possible role of phytoplasmas were studied in this work. Both EM and PCR methods were used. According to PCR analysis, one fig sample found infected by phytoplasma when universal P1/P7 and R16F2/R2 primers were used. This test was repeated and the same result was observed. EM works also showed that two samples one of which was cv. Yediveren and other one was experimentally infected seedling, included phytoplasma like bodies. This is the first record for phytoplasma infection of fig trees for our knowledge but it is still uncertain if it was an accidental companion or real agent of the disorder.Öğe Leaf blight caused by Didymella glomerata on blackberry in Turkey(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Dervis, Sibel; Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Altunbas, Bilge Dagdelen; Unlu, Nida; Pamukcu, GozdemThe cultivation of blackberries has recently increased in Turkey, despite the fact that wild blackberry types have grown almost everywhere in the country. During the summer of 2011, leaf blight symptoms were observed in a blackberry vineyard in Karlisu, as well as on wild blackberry plants in Altinozu, Hatay province, Turkey. Based on morphology, fungal isolates obtained from these blighted leaf margins shared similar morphological characteristics and were tentatively identified as Didymella glomerata. To confirm the morphologic identification, the nucleotide sequences of a representative isolate's ITS, LSU, and tub2 regions of DNA were used. The sequences of three regions were 99-100% identical to D. glomerata isolate sequences in GenBank. Healthy blackberry suckers of the thornless blackberry cultivars 'Triple Crown' and 'Chester' grown in pots were inoculated with spore suspension on foliar parts under greenhouse conditions for pathogenicity testing. D. glomerata was extremely virulent, causing severe leaf blight in both blackberry cultivars. D. glomerata was constantly isolated from inoculated plants' leaf lesions. This is the first report of D. glomerata infection of blackberry, a novel host for this pathogen in Turkey and around the world. More research into the biology and management of the disease is required.Öğe Molecular Detection and Comparative Sequence Analysis of Viruses Infecting Fig Trees in Turkey(Wiley, 2012) Elci, Eminur; Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Gazel, Mona; Caglayan, KadriyeSeveral viruses infecting fig trees in Turkey have been identified recently. The samples were collected from the commonest fig cultivars showing typical mosaic symptoms and from symptomless plants from different fig growing regions of Turkey. They were tested for Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1-2 (FLMaV1-2), Fig mosaic virus (FMV), Fig latent virus-1 (FLV-1), Fig mild mottle-associated virus (FMMaV), Arkansas fig closterovirus 1-2 (AFCV1-2), Fig badnavirus-1 (FBV-1) and Fig cryptic virus (FCV) by PCR and sequence analyses. One hundred fig trees were tested, and 83% of tested samples were found to be infected by at least one virus. Complex infections were detected in most of the samples, and the most common viruses were FBV-1 and FMV with 82 and 79% infection ratios, respectively. The sequence analyses confirmed virus identity except for AFCV-1 for which no sequence data are available in GenBank. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the sequences clustered into seven groups: FLV-1, FMMaV, FBV-1, FCV, FMV, AFCV-1, FLMaV-1, as expected, and no correlation was found between Turkish isolates depending on cultivars and provinces for these viruses.Öğe Molecular typing of Turkish apple chlorotic leaf spot virus isolates based on partial coat protein gene(Mediterranean Phytopathological Union, 2006) Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Rosner, ArieApple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) isolates from various hosts and geographic locations in Turkey were molecularly characterized by RFLP, nucleotide sequence analysis and the construction of a phylogenetic tree including ACLSV isolates from GenBank. Based on nucleotide sequence alignment and the phylogenetic tree, we proposed a classification of ACLSV isolates in which isolates were divided into three major groups. The first group contained mainly Far-Eastern isolates, the second group the Hungarian (eastern-European) ACLSV isolates, and the third group, which contained isolates of variable characteristics, was again divided into two subgroups, subgroup I containing mixed European isolates, and subgroup II containing central European isolates. Three representative Turkish ACLSV isolates belonged to the third group; of these, one was. from the mixed European cluster (subgroup I) and two from the central European cluster (subgroup II). The nucleotide sequence divergence and geographic origin of the ACLSV isolates were correlated, which indicated the possible extraction of the Turkish isolates.Öğe Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences from Fig mosaic virus isolates in Turkey(Springer, 2013) Elci, Eminur; Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Caglayan, KadriyeFig mosaic virus (FMV), which was described recently, is the only characterized causal agent of fig mosaic disease (FMD). It has six RNA segments and belongs to the Bunyaviridae family. In order to determine the genetic diversity of Turkish FMV isolates, the most common fig cultivars showing FMD symptoms were collected from different fig-growing provinces of Turkey. Nucleoprotein (Np) and Glycoprotein (Gp) gene-specific primers of FMV were used for RT-PCR analysis. According to RT-PCR results, 71 of 90 samples from 20 different cultivars and unknown fig seedlings were found to be infected by FMV. Among them, 41 isolates were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analyses based on the partial Gp and Np sequences at the amino acid level by the neighbor-joining method. The isolates showed more than 80% identity with reference FMV isolates (Acc. nos. FM991954.1 and FM864225.2). Based on phylogenetic analysis, the sequences clustered into two main groups for Np and Gp regions. Significant relationships between FMV isolates based on geographic origin and cultivars were not observed.Öğe POTENTIAL PSYLLID VECTORS OF CANDIDATUS PHYTOPLASMA MALI AND CANDIDATUS PHYTOPLASMA PYRI IN TURKEY(Univ Agriculture, Fac Veterinary Science, 2016) Kaya, Kamuran; Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Gazel, Mona; Caglayan, Kadriye; Sauvion, NicolasPsyllids are vectors of phytoplasma, which cause important diseases of pome fruit trees. Psyllid species reported as phytoplasma vectors were captured during 2010-2011 in several pome fruit growing regions in Turkey. Potential psyllid vectors of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' were collected from Malus spp. (apple), Cydonia oblonga (quince), Crataegus spp. (hawthorn) and also from the overwintering hosts, whereas those of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri' were collected from wild and cultured forms of Pyrus spp. (pear) trees. The psyllids were identified morphologically as Cacopsylla picta, C. melanoneura-C. affinis complex, C. crataegi, C. pyrisuga, C. pyri, C. pyricola and other Cacopsylla species. The highest natural phytoplasma infection rate was found in C. picta followed by C. pyri, C. melanoneura-C. affinis complex and C. crataegi with rates of 4.36, 3.84, 2.77 and 1.67%, respectively. No phytoplasma were detected in C. pyrisuga, C. pyricola, or the other Cacopsylla spp. 'Ca. P. mali' was detected in C. picta, C. melanoneura-C. affinis complex and C. pyri; 'Ca. P. pyri' was detected in C. picta, C. crataegi, C. melanoneura-C. affinis complex and C. pyri individuals. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the possible psyllid vectors of 'Ca. P. mali' in Turkey.Öğe Responses of six Turkish apricot cultivars to 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum' under greenhouse conditions(Alma Mater Studiorum, Univ Bologna, 2007) Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Gazel, Mona; Yalcin, Songul; Cadlayan, KadriyeTurkey leads in apricot, Prunus armeniaca L., production in the world, In Turkey, apricot is mainly produced for table and dry consumption. Both local and foreign cultivars are grown for table production while local cultivars dominate drying. Although there are several reports for 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum' infections focusing on coastal regions, there are no reports, to our knowledge, indicating the response of Turkish cultivars to this pathogen. In this study, we observed the responses of six Turkish cultivars (Hacihaliloglu, Kabaasi, Tokaloglu, Sekerpare, Alkayisi and Karacabey) to 'Ca. P. prunorum' under greenhouse conditions. For each cultivar, 11 one-year-old trees were potted in 15 it containers; eight of these trees were inoculated by three chip-buddings for each tree in spring of 2005 and three trees were used as control. Next spring, the presence of 'Ca. P. prunorum' was tested by PCR using phytoplasma specific universal primers P1/P7 and R16F2n/R2, and the plants were monitored for symptom development. The 'Ca. P. prunorum' infections were detected in one to four trees of each cultivar. The infected trees exhibited visual symptoms in early summer of 2006 and 2007. The first year's symptoms include longitudinally upward rolling of the leaves along the mid-vein. In the second year, some of the infected trees sprouted and flowered earlier when compared to the controls. Most of the infected trees died at the end of the second summer. These preliminary results demonstrate that although there are some differences among the cultivars for visual symptoms caused by 'Ca. P. prunorum' inoculation and PCR testing, all of the cultivars tested appear to be susceptible to 'Ca. P. prunorum'.Öğe Survey of Turkish Strawberry Production Areas for Soil-borne Fungal Diseases(Amer Soc Horticultural Science, 2015) Bildik, Mehmet Naci; Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Dervis, Sibel; Turkolmez, Sahimerdan; Ciftci, Osman; Serce, Sedat[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Survey on the presence of Cacopsylla pruni in Turkey: preliminary results(Alma Mater Studiorum, Univ Bologna, 2011) Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Yvon, Michel; Kaya, Kamuran; Gazel, Mona; Cengiz, Feza Can; Caglayan, Kadriye; Sauvion, NicolasAlthough 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum' has been previously detected in different regions of Turkey, its vectors have not been identified yet. A survey was conducted in 2010 and 2011 in order to determine the presence of Cacopsylla pruni populations in six different fruit tree producing areas. The psyllid was found in Adana, Mersin, Bursa and Yalova on either Prunus spinosa or wild plums (Prunus spp.) and also on fir trees. The mean percentage of individuals of C. pruni infected with Ca. P. prunorum was around 23% in Mersin.Öğe Virus infections in stone fruit trees from different provinces of Turkey(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2008) Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Ertunc, FilizField inspections and sample collections from peach, nectarine, apricot and plum trees were carried out in commercial orchards and mother blocks, which are also cultivar collections belonging to Ministry of Agriculture of Turkey, during early spring in 2000 and 2002. Samples (shoots with leaves) were collected from symptomatic plants in the orchards of Adana, Afyon, Ankara, Amasya, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Hatay, Isparta, Izmir, Tokat and Yalova provinces. Plant samples were tested for the presence of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Plum pox virus (PPV) and Prunus necrotic ring spot virus (PNRSV) by using RTPCR and tested by DAS-ELISA for Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) and Prune dwarf virus (PDV). The results revealed that 60 out of 240 plant samples were infected with one or more viruses. The most common virus was ACLSV with the infection rate of 22.87%. ACLSV was followed by PNRSV and PDV with the infection rates of 17.08% and 2.08%, respectively. Mixed infections of ACLSV+PNRSV (6 samples), ACLSV+PPV (9 samples), ACLSV+PPV+PNRSV (2 samples) and ACLSV+PNRSV+PDV (1 sample) were also detected. No infections with ApMV were determined from the peach, nectarine, apricot and plum tree samples collected from the provinces.
