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Öğe Detection of pear decline disease in pear and quince in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2008) Sertkaya, G.; Sertkaya, E.; Kaya, K.Investigations were carried out to detect PD disease and its natural transmission in five pear and two quince orchards in Adana, Hatay and Mersin provinces in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey in 2003 and 2004. Symptomatic trees were visually inspected in pear orchards planted by cvs. Williams (Hunkar), Starkrimson and three local cultivars Akca, Ankara and Mustafa Bey, in quince orchards established by cvs. Ekmek and Limon from mid-May to mid-October. While symptomatic trees were exhibited different abnormalities as small, few and light-green leaves during the observation periods, and the leaves turned to dark-red colour in the late summer. Leaf and shoot samples were collected from randomly selected trees at the end of the August. A total of 92 pear and 12 quince samples were tested for the presence of phytoplasmas by nested-PCR assays. RFLP analyses of PCR products obtained with primer pair f01/r01 enabled identification of pytoplasma related to the disease. Seven out of the total pear samples including local cultivars were found to be infected with Ca. Phytoplasma pyri in the region. No infected quince samples were found by molecular assays. C. pyri L. (Homoptera, Psillidae) was collected from investigated pear orchards from August to September in both years. PCR-RFLP analyses were carried out on batches containing 10 psylla adults in 2004. Two out of the 7 insect samples were tested positive for the agent by PCR-RFLP analyses. Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) test plants exposed in the orchard in Adana in 2004 showed symptoms related to the disease by the rate of 3/75 and I out of these plants were found to be infected with Ca. Phytoplasma pyri. These results indicate that C. pyri could transmit the agent and natural transmission of PD disease has been in the region.Öğe Detection of some viruses of stone fruits in purple leaf plum (Prunus cerasifera) as ornamental plant in the eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey(International Society Horticultural Science, 2008) Sertkaya, G.Field inspection and sample collection were carried out in purple leaf plum (Prunus cerasifera) which is planted as an ornamental tree in Adana, Hatay and Mersin provinces in the eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey during early spring and early autumn in 2004. A total of 57 samples (shoots and leaves) having different symptoms such as reduced growth, few and small leaves with green ring mottle, vein clearing, yellow or necrotic spots, chlorosis or discoloration were collected and tested for the presence of Apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus (ACLSV), Apple mosaic ilarvirus (ApMV), Cherry leaf roll nepovirus (CLRV), Prune dwarf ilarvirus (PDV), Primus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus (PNRSV) and Plum pox potyvirus (PPV) by using DAS-ELISA. According to serological assays, the most common virus was PDV with the rate of 4/57. It was followed by PNRSV (3/57) and ACLSV (1/57). Mixed or single infections with ApMV and PPV were not detected in the samples. Although, A cerasifera trees infected with different important viruses were far from commercial pome and stone fruit orchards, they seemed to be unhealthy as ornamental plants in the cities, and they must be as reservoirs of these viruses for susceptible ornamental or fruit species in the region. Further studies are necessary to investigate other common ornamental species (mother plants or production materials, especially) for the presence of the main viruses by sensitive methods.Öğe Effects of different rootstocks in micrografting on growing of washington navel orange plants obtained by shoot tip grafting(2004) Sertkaya, G.In this research, the effects of different rootstocks in micrografting on rapid production of virus-free Washington Navel orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.) plants obtained by thermotherapy (TT) and shoot tip grafting (STG) in vitro were studied. Shoot-tip grafted plants on Troyer citrange (C. sinensis X Poncirus trifoliata) were cultured in liquid Murashige and Skoog medium for 6 weeks and then micrografted onto Citrumelo (C. paradise X P. trifoliota), Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni Hart ex Tan), Macrophylla (C. macrophylla Wester.), Rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.), sour orange (C. aurantium L.), Troyer citrange (C. sinensis X P. trifoliata) and Volkamer lemon (C. Volkameriana Ten and Pas.). Microgafted plants were kept in greenhouse for 24 months at a temperature 26±2°C and under 16/8 hours photoperiod (day/night). The success rates of STG and micrografting were 42.0% and 80.4%, respectively. Diameters of graft-union, stock and scion trunks, survival rates of the plants micrografted onto different rootstock, and shoot length of scion were observed and measured. The shoot lengths of the plants micrografted onto Citrumelo, Cleopatra mandarin, Macrophylla, Rough lemon, sour orange, Troyer citrange, and Volkamer lemon were measured as 122.6, 121.3, 148.3, 162.4, 158.7, 144.3, and 151.7 in cm, 12 months after micrografting. Averages of graft-union-stock-scion trunk diameters of the plants micrografted onto Citrumelo, Cleopatra mandarin, Macrophylla, Rough lemon, sour orange Troyer citrange, and Volkamer lemon at 10 cm under and above the graft-union were found as 13.80–11.02–8.20, 12.55–10.20–8.45, 15.55–11.10–8.75, 14.95–11.90–8.63, 15.58–10.50–8.42, 15.24–10.77–9.72 and 17.23–11.30–9.90 in mm respectively, 24 months after micrografting. Many of plants had been reached to the size of indexing for main virus diseases in a short time (in 6–8 months) by micrografting method. The plants micrografted onto Rough lemon and sour orange produced the longest shoot. As a result of the study, it was concluded that sour orange could be suggested to use as a rootstock in micrografting studies for rapid development of plant obtained by TT+ STG. © 2004 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.Öğe First report of Candidatus phytoplasma mali in Turkey(Edizioni Ets, 2008) Sertkaya, G.; Martini, M.; Osler, R.[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Preliminary Studies on the Detection of Phytoplasmas in Cherry by Microscopy Techniques(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2008) Sertkaya, G.Some symptoms consisting of growth reduction, leaf chlorosis, thin shoots with wilted leaves, die-back and decline have been observed on sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey in many years. Symptomatic plants were inspected in the field. Shoot and leaf samples were collected in 2004 from affected orchard trees in Adana in early spring and autumn for detection of phytoplasma infections by fluorescence and electron microscopy techniques. Small pieces of stems from symptomatic plants were stained with 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and examined with an epifluorescence microscope. Ultra-thin sections of midribs were examined under a transmission electron microscope (TEM). A total of 11 samples collected in late summer were tested with both techniques. Three samples reacted positive by DAPI. Only one DAPI-positive sample was detected by TEM analyses. Demonstration of the presence of phytoplasma-like bodies in sieve tubes was not easy because many of them collapsed. No typical fluorescence was detected in sieve tubes of shoot samples taken from the same trees in early spring. Although the number of positive samples was not high among the detected trees, according to symptoms observed and to fluorescence microscopy results, the causal agent is suggested to be a phytoplasma. Results obtained from TEM analyses confirmed the presence of phytoplasma-like bodies in sieve tubes of the samples. This is the first report of phytoplasma in cherry trees in Turkey based on microscopy techniques. Studies on the detection of phytoplasmas by molecular techniques are in progress. Further investigations also are necessary to gain more knowledge of the distribution and natural transmission of the related agent(s) in sour (P. cerasus L.) and sweet cherry varieties in Turkey.Öğe Serological Detection of Some Viruses in Cherry Rootstocks in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey(Int Soc Horticultural Science, 2008) Sertkaya, G.Seedlings for cherry rootstocks were inspected in the field, and shoot and leaf samples were collected from susceptible seedlings in the rootstock blocks of two nurseries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey in autumn 2004 and early spring 2005. In total, 52 samples from seedlings, 43 samples from clonal rootstocks, and 56 samples from grafted rootstocks with different cultivars were investigated for Apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus (ACLSV), Apple mosaic ilarvirus (ApMV), Cherry leaf roll nepovirus (CLRV), Prune dwarf ilarvirus (PDV), Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus (PNRSV) and Plum pox potyvirus (PPV) by DAS-ELISA. Although the seedling samples were negative for all of the detectable viruses, six of 43 clonal samples were found to be infected with ACLSV (1), CLRV (1), PDV (3), and PNRSV (2). No PPV or mixed virus infections were detected from the samples collected from cherry rootstock blocks in the nurseries. The samples that tested positive for different viruses also were investigated by biological indexing by using herbaceous indicators. Different symptoms as chlorotic leaf spot, yellow mosaic and leaf deformation were observed on the inoculated Cucumis sativus and Chenopodium quinoa (Willd.) test plants. However, the use of cuttings as rootstocks is uncommon in the region because the rooting of hardwood cuttings is very difficult. The results suggest that rootstocks produced by cuttings could become main reservoirs for the most important. viruses of stone fruits, if the future use of cuttings derived from uncertified mother plants becomes widespread for obtaining genetically uniform rootstocks.
