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    Öğe
    Concentration of essential and non-essential elements and carcinogenic/non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of commercial bee pollens from Turkey
    (Elsevier Gmbh, 2023) Sevin, Sedat; Tutun, Hidayet; Yipel, Mustafa; Aluc, Yasar; Ekici, Husamettin
    Background: Bee pollen, known as a natural super-food with valuable nutritional ingredients, is regarded as a good indicator of ecotoxic substances, such as potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Therefore, this study aims to examine the concentrations of selected PTEs (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, Sr, V, Zn) in bee pollen purchased from online markets in Turkey and perform a health risk assessment to identify the potential risk to consumers.Methods: The quantitative analyses were conducted by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).Results: The mean values of essential PTEs in decreasing content order were Mg > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Se > Cr > Mo >Co = V. Regarding the results of the study, daily consumption (40 g for adult or 20 g for children) of commercial bee pollen can recompense 20-35 % of daily Cu, Mn, Se requirements for children, adults, pregnant, and breastfeeding women. The decreasing content order of non-essential elements was Al > Sn > Sr > Ba > Pb > As. Cadmium and Hg concentrations were below the detection limits in all the samples. In terms of food and public health; detection of the PTEs concentrations is necessary to assess the quality and safety of bee pollen before consumption. According to the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments; commercial pollen consumption does not pose a health risk to either children or adults for the PTEs monitored in this study.Conclusion: We conclude that bee pollen is an ideal indicator for the monitoring of environmental pollution of PTEs and also a valuable source of essential elements. This study highlights the need to develop standards that regulate acceptable concentrations of PTEs.
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    Öğe
    The content and health risk assessment of selected elements in bee pollen and propolis from Turkey
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2022) Tutun, Hidayet; Aluc, Yasar; Kahraman, Hatice Ahu; Sevin, Sedat; Yipel, Mustafa; Ekici, Husamettin
    This study aimed to determine the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), including Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, V, and Zn, in pollen and propolis samples collected from migratory beekeeping areas in Turkey. A health risk assessment was performed to identify the potential risk of these PTEs to consumers in terms of public health. Concentrations of the elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The most abundant element in the bee pollen and propolis samples was Fe, with average concentrations of 47.3 and 390 mg kg(-1), respectively, followed by Al, Zn, Mn and Sn. Concentrations of all elements except Cu, Mn and Sn were higher in propolis than in pollen. The concentrations of Fe, Al, and Zn in the propolis samples were over eight, seven, and two times higher than in the bee pollen samples, respectively. Se, Cd, and Hg in pollen and Se and Cd in propolis were below the detection limits. Pb, Co, and Cr were detected below 0.62, 0.06, and 0.91 mg kg(-1), in pollen samples, respectively. Co and Hg were detected below 0.68, and 0.18 mg kg(-1), in propolis samples, respectively. Detection of the PTEs contamination level and assessment of the health risks in pollen and propolis is necessary to ascertain quality and safety before consumption. In this study, we concluded that bee pollen and propolis may be good indicators for the screening of environmental pollution with PTEs and standards regulating acceptable concentrations of these pollutants in bee products should be established. In addition, it has been determined that consumption at the specified rates does not pose a risk. This study suggests the determination of admissible concentrations of PTEs in bee pollen and propolis.
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    Öğe
    Investigation of the prophylactic and therapeutic effectiveness of oral thyme extract in rats experimentally infected with cryptosporidium parvum
    (Springer, 2023) Kara, Erdal; Duru, Sibel Yasa; Gokpinar, Sami; Duru, Ozkan; Sevin, Sedat; Senel, Yasin; Kaya, Ufuk
    In this study, the prophylactic and therapeutic activities of thyme extract at different concentrations against experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infection in immunosuppressed rats were investigated. Thyme extract was prepared at four different concentrations (10%, 30%, 50%, and 100%) and administered as a single oral dose of 1 mL for evaluation of its prophylactic efficacy. Five consecutive days after infection was detected in all rats, therapeutic evaluations were also performed. According to the results obtained by daily counting of oocysts in stools, the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of thyme extract administration were significant in comparison to the control group (P<0.01). Oocyst shedding continued in the control group at high numbers from the beginning to the end of the study, while oocyst counts in the prophylaxis groups remained low throughout the study. On the other hand, oocyst excretion rates were high in the therapeutic groups and decreased rapidly after thyme extract administration. At the end of the study, oocyst excretion had completely stopped for some rats administered thyme extract. There was no group in which oocyst shedding ceased for all rats. No significant differences were observed in the therapeutic or prophylaxis groups regarding the doses administered (P > 0.01). Renal and hepatic functions were monitored by measuring urea, creatinine, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase levels before and after thyme extract administration. As a result, it was concluded that oral thyme extract administration at the doses applied in this study is effective and safe in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of experimental cryptosporidiosis in rats.